Vol 22, No 3.2 (2016)

The author proves, on the example of secondary diminutives

derivation models historical development, the thesis that structural

and semantic dynamics of word-formative patterns provides valuable

information about the development of both language and thought.

The changes can apply to each component of word-formation

semantic and structural model: motivational base of a given group

of derivatives, their word-formative means, word-formation meaning

of the resulted word-formation units. The article deals with historical

dynamics at the level of each of the mentioned components in

secondary diminutives formation models. It also provides cognitive

interpretation of the given structural and semantic changes.

The article is devoted to the elaboration of the problem of oral

narrative in ontogenesis which has already been singled out by the

foreign linguists as a separate area of speech development. On the

basis of analysis of works by foreign researchers carried out within

the cognitive approach of modern science and the obtained facts

pointing to the importance of the child’s mastering of mental

component of activity situation «goal – action – outcome», as

well as the conceptual representation of oral history as a specific

form of discourse, the researcher offers a hypothesis about a

psycholinguistic mechanism of development of oral narrative in

ontogenesis.

Key words: storytelling, story concept, goal-based stories, mental

component of activity situation «goal – action – outcome»,

attainment of the goal

The article examines the current state of South-Russian dialect of

the Saratov Region, analyses its phonetic and grammatical dialectical

peculiarities. Recordings of dialectal speech made in 2015 and in 1990

in one of the villages of the Saratov Region, as well as data of the

“Atlas of the Russian dialects of the Middle and Lower Volga Region”

by L.I. Barannikova are compared. Comparison of the materials obtained

at different times from informants of different age and level of education,

gives the opportunity to detect in the development of the dialect under

consideration the action of several trends common to modern dialects.

Among them, the simplification of the system of pretonic vocalism,

variation of morphological forms, the sustainability of grammatical

peculiarities of wide distribution, gradual loss of dialect vocabulary.

In the article the role of the type of concept in the formation of

cognitive metaphor and metonymy is viewed. The subject of the

research is the mechanism of formation of cognitive metaphor and

lexical metonymy on the basis of the concept-scenario and parallelism

of their origin and usage in speech at reflection of one and the same

situation of reality, in this particular case at nomination and

metaphorical conceptualization of the situation of understanding as a

mental act. The genesis of metaphor and metonymy is connected

with the reduction of verbal or syntactical network at the representation

of the process of understanding in speech. The dependence of cognitive

metaphor of the scenario type and script metonymy on the structure

of the scenario as the type of the concept against the background of

other ways of implementation of the concept of script type is shown.

The origin of the Russian phraseologism «siskin ate» is about

who has made minimal, negligible results, initially relying on a

much larger, is considered in the article as a result of semantic

and verbal “condensation” of the author’s text, containing a real

linguistic and ethno-cultural prerequisites for the formation and

further functioning of sustainable phrases. The simulated character

of the considered phraseologism, its compliance with one of the

productive diversion laws specific to a live conversation is noted.

Peculiarities of the use of a phraseologism siskin ate in a variety of

journalistic texts, its considerable expressive potential, contributing

to the portrayal of negatively comprehending situations are revealed.

In this article it is analysed the correlations between the category of verbal aspect and the semantic charge of the Old-Russian prefix
pro- inside the text of Zadonshchina. In spite of the fact that this
text is deprived of its original, from its Kirillo-Belozerskii and Undolskii copies, which reveal to be its sole exemplar in the short redaction and its best exemplar in the long redaction , we can get an idea of its proto-text.
On the base of the scientific literature, for the prefixed verbs with pro- of the Zadonshchina, once their prefixal semantic charge is determined (only-spatial, spatial-resultative, temporal-resultative, only-resultative), their possible aspectual pairs are searched for. To find them: the formal means, by which to realize the pairs, and their first chronological attestations, are established thanks to the dictionaries of Old-Russian, whereas their functional content is predetermined by the derivative relation between the Aktionsarten classes of their members. It will be shown tendencies in the formation of different aspectual pairs from different types of prefixal semantic charge.

The different types of imagery and metaphorical constructions, characteristic of Russian poetry of XX–XXI centuries, reflecting the gradual nature of metaphors as linguistic and semiotic mechanism underlying the modeling of the poetic picture of the world, are analyzed in the article. To solve this problem we use the method of transformation of the sentenses from the position of its syntactic derivation (according to LN. Murzin and T.V. Simashko). Cases of match / mismatch of introductive and basic structures of statements when creating a metaphorical image are analyzed in the article. As a result such types of imagery and metaphorical constructions, as semiotically “weak” and “strong” metaphors, and a range of structures, occupying an intermediate position between them, presents by examples of quantitative and qualitative asymmetry introductive and basic structures of the resulting verbal image are identified and interpreted in the article.

The article considers modern approaches to teaching Russian as a foreign language, it justified the principle of dynamic deployment of speech activity as a synthesis of the most productive approach – communicative and cognitive-activity. The principle of dynamic deployment of speech activity requires consistent expansion and complexity of educational material. Progress in language acquisition is achieved by multiple repetition, build speech models, enhancements, enrichment, deployment dialogic situations. The content of the main progress in the teaching of RCTs: phonetic-orthoepic, lexical and grammatical, as well as the progression of oral and written statements.

The article is dedicated to the analysis of the research in the field of lexical-semantic paradigmatic. Paradigmatic relations (homonyms, synonyms, antonyms, hyper-hyponymy, meronymy, etc.) are considered to be as relationship built on semantic associations. The typology of given associations is defined, their role in the formation of lexical paradigms, as well as in the formation of figurative word meaning is revealed. Particular attention is paid to the associative-semantic group: the possibility of the
existence of such a paradigm, the principle of its formation is described, various approaches to its definition are examined. Further research in this area will contribute to profound understanding of the principles of formation of lexical-semantic paradigms, as well as to the mechanism of interaction among the units of lexical system.

The article presents a fragment of the preliminary conclusions obtained from the analysis of words belonging to one lexico-semantic field with respect to their derivational possibilities and lexico-semantic potential. It is revealed that jacks the color adjectives have a different composition of the derivatives: 8 (orange) to 145 (red). Found that the most productive ways in education, derived in the nests of colour adjectives are suffixation, the addition of fusion; the value (color value) is dominant in the breeding of derived adjectives. The article noted that the set of derivatives according to their part-of-speech affiliation may be different, but has similar model of the formation of words of a particular part of speech; word-formation models, the choice of derivational formants depend on the accessories words
lexical-semantic level.

The article is dedicated to the system description of the thematic group of “Food” in the Russian folk dialects of the Samara Region. The lexical data, which was collected during the dialectological expeditions and supplement with the data presented in the dialectological atlas of the Middle and South Volga Region is used. The typology of dialect correspondences is defined. A number of dialect variants that are lacking common Russian is established. The prevalence of names denoting hot meals and food made of baked pastry is revealed. The investigation comes to conclusion that the denominations of food enlarge the conception about the typology of Samara dialects and have a diagnostic potential, which could be used in a complex characterization of late-formed dialects alongside with phonetic and grammatical facts.

Active usage of new loanwords from British and American English in German and Russian mass media reflects the process of globalization and intellectualization of language, but at the same time it complicates perception and understanding of the text by the reader. Decoding new knowledge embodied in the semantics of neologisms becomes possible due to different methods that are used by the authors in order to interpret new words. This article illustrates the ways to decode the semantics of new loanwords in context by using different means – graphic, lexical, syntactical etc.

The article discusses the features and content of the lexical composition of the popular German-Russian phrasebook (edited by F. Sulzberger in the period of the First World War) reissued in 1938 for the needs of the army of the Third Reich. The military Phrasebook of Sulzberger (sample in 1938) is considered as a coherent text in conjunction with the material, ideological life, ethnic and socio-cultural, psychological factors. It is a special pragmatically oriented text in the event-specific aspect of the military situation and militarist doctrine of the German Wehrmacht on the eve of the Second World War. The military phrase book as a kind of active type (genre) of transferable ideographic (thematic) dictionary with a predominant function of translation is focused on communication user’s interests to ensure a minimum of communication in certain situations.

The syntactical phenomenon called parceling is examined in the article. It is shown that parceling arises up as a display of the spoken language. One of the substantial distinctive signs of syntax of the spoken language is planning, naturalness, linear development and spontaneity of speech is maintenance of the «unstipulated» changes. Parceling comes forward as speech unit. Parceling units give texts of essay the special beauty, mark the row of the additional reasoning, suddenly arising up in text opinion, form twodimensional or multidimensional syntactical constructions. A main
idea is concentrated in the basic text; additional information is reflected in parcels, that continue a main idea. Main phrase assumes auto-semantic character and connection assumes sin-semantic point due to semantic relations. In comparison with the first one, second has higher intensity.

The paper focuses on Russian confectionery trademarks as commercial information carriers. These advertising names pose as micro texts created in accordance with advertising strategies of a certain type. Different types of rationalistic strategies (generic strategies, competitive advantage strategies, positioning strategy) are actualized in this nomination field. It is in accordance with these strategies that the taste of the product or targeting a certain segment of the target audience is characterized. Projection strategies employing emotional stimuli and value orientations (‘resonance’ strategy, affective strategy and the strategy of brand name internal dramatics) are actively implemented.

The paper deals with the analysis of two types of text – instructions and comments – in the housekeeping internet-discourse. In general, the instruction keeps its typical structure and language form in the Internet communication, but acquires personal connotation. In comments to the Internet instructions emotional information prevails over cognitive one. Comments, which, in fact, are questions or suggestions, basically keep their pragmatic meaning. The author comes to the conclusion that differences of these types of text in the internet-discourse with their written variants are conditioned by the attempt of their authors to join in and become part of the community of those who write texts as well as those who read them.

The article discusses the sense of a literary text as the total result of understanding by the reader of the continuum of the speech stream, in which the author’s intent (sense) is formalized through before-language (pre-language) meanings accumulated in the language values of different levels, in the symbols, as well as associations, potentiated by the flow of speech. The author operates with the concepts «elementary sense» as the minimal unit of sense, and «stream of senses» as a construct built from a homogeneous elementary senses. Elementary senses were seen from the point of view of linguistic and extra-linguistic sources, patterns of extraction (generation), functionality and range; for example, one line demonstrates an inseparable semantic unity of
the speech continuum, the interaction of conscious and unconscious
recipients of sources and models of sense. Verification tool of elementary sense in a literary text is it’s correlation with other senses in the structure of the sense streams (paradigms), united with coreference or conceptual homogeneity.

In the article metonymical nominations of the subject in colloquial language are investigated. Cognitive, referential and pragmatic factors determining the specificity of profiling of significant component of situation are considered. It is established that profiling of the place or object of action is caused by requirement to characterize the person in functional and activity aspect. Profiling of process or state is connected with need of expression of a subjective-modal assessment. At the same time such parameters as definiteness / uncertainty and singularity / plurality of the referent have crucial importance.

«Hard-working bee» was a unique for the XVIII century edition. The author of the «Reasoning…» about the virtues of author of stories was Nikolay Nikolaevich Motonis, companion-in-arms of A.P. Sumarokov, luminous rhetor, member of the Academy of sciences. The author develops rhetoric provisions of M.V. Lomonosov in poetological aspect: he studies how to write, and at the same time he gives an example of rhetoric composition. The communicative model by Motonis suggests an active reader, and the reading itself is viewed as as a complex activity by him. Creating intersection of discources of the author and the reader, Motonis actively uses technics developed by an ancient rhetoric and «rehabilitated» by the practice of writers-enlighteners of the XVIII century.

The article is carried out in keeping with functionalism as one of methodological directions of modern text linguistic and methodical orientation of collaborative pedagogics. The content of the article is dedicated to the analysis of artificial functions of concessive
statements in the novel «War and Piece» by Leo Tolstoy which are considered in theoretical and methodical aspects. Concessional conjunctions are considered as one of decoding means for textual senses. The article is based on a presumption, that a subordinate
part of speech in a text of a craftsman of word can become an expressive artificial detail as one of modeling means, a materialization of an author’s idea and author’s relation expressivity and creating of reader’s impressions.

The article is devoted to the use of individual word creation as didactic material that helps to comprehend some problems in wordformation.
It also highlights modern school textbooks of the Russian language from the perspective of the theoretical knowledge and practical tasks related to individual neology. School textbooks of the Russian language (10-11 classes) drawn up in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standards of the General Education are analyzed. In the article conclusions about availability of individual neology as material for word-formation study and its almost unclaimed didactic potential at the classes of Russian are made.

In the article the onomasiological strategy is offered as a methodological
basis for the presentation of the communicative function of language
from the perspective of the nominator – the initiator of the communication process, including for the training of language as a
means of communication. We show the stages of onomasiological process, followed by a nominator – sender of information from the source of epistemological process to the objective reality. Before projecting perceived fragments of reality into linguistic expression-nominator sender classifies perceived in relation to the means at its linguistic consciousness prototypes and conceptualizes them. In the projection on the linguistic expression, formed conceptual content of the sign becomes a signifier of linguistic expression. Finding of an adequate form of expression – language meaning – is made by the nominator based on the degree of proficiency with all the means of expression system.

The article is devoted to the investigation of meronymic relations
in the language and also to the semantic classification of holonyms
and partonyms in language. The specificity of meronymic relationships
is in their semantic variety. Meronymic relationships are established
between entities of different types: biological and physical objects,
processes and actions, geographic regions, states and properties,
collections and groups, abstract entities, etc. In this regard, various
subtypes are distinguished in the semantic classification of holonyms
and partonyms, extra-linguistic and semantic features, which can be
the basis of this classification, are identified. Analysis of these features
allows to identify defined criteria for the differentiation of meronyms
as components of lexical-semantic system. The proposed classification
will expand notions of semantic nature of meronymy and can be the
basis for further study of the whole-part relations.

The article analyzes the semantic relations between words with repeated roots in the poetic texts of B.A. Akhmadulina. Such lexemes from the semantic point of view often are intermediate between synonyms and antonyms, at the same time sometimes being paronyms.

In this article we consider a presentation article as a new genre of PR-text. The focus is on the composition of the text of the designated genre. The main structural elements of the presentation articles and their pragmalinguistic features are identified and analyzed. The conclusions about the necessity of formation of each structural element depending on the target audience and in line with the overall goals and objectives of the text are made.

The article aims to investigate the metaphoric modeling of the emotional attitude and estimation in dialect vocabulary denoting speech in Russian language. Lexical expressions are centered by metaphoric images, or concepts. The conceptual sphere, which is described in the article, is presented in a large variety of denominations, and most of them are connected with negative emotions of estimations, especially in a conflict situation. So the most part of metaphoric images is assigned to the expression of altercation and reproach. The image of physical confrontation distinguishes itself as the most fruitful and is estimated as wide-spread in dialect vocabulary.

Color naming acts not only as an indicator of human physical abilities of a person (sensitivity of an eye to the waves of a particular character) or cognitive powers of a human mind (choice of the basic characteristics for the creation of the name of the colour); research of the process of color naming and color terms gives possibility to learn more about the system of values of the society and get cultural dominants in the language and in the society at this or that evolution stage of development of the language. Color terms could be arranged into some semantic groups and classified as ‘jewels’, ‘coloring materials’, ‘goods/materials’, ‘nature’, ‘health’, ‘foodstuff and spicery’, ‘social related/marked words’. Color terms (abstract and descriptive) originally were produced as words with great pragmatic potential. They are deeply connected with psychobiological and cultural stereotypes, that fact makes them an important component of advertising strategies and marketing policy.

The article is aimed at describing and systematizing the main gender markers in contemporary British and American dramatic discourse female personages’ communication. Gender markers dynamics reveals tends and trends in the cognitive system of axiological paradigm of modern British and American dramatic discourse. Studies of verbal behavior of the person in the stream of anthropocentric paradigm allows linguists to study the processes occurring at the time of the voice phenomena, which reflects cultural, sexual, social and age factors. Any of these aspects affect the persons’ communication strategies that allow to explore the linguistic activity of the speaker in terms of linguistic and cultural, conceptual and gender approaches.