Vol 28, No 4 (2022)

The purpose of the article is to review the historical trends in the regional inequality of the PRC in the period before and after the start of the policy of «reforms and opening up» (1978). The history of China is characterized by regional inequality of provinces, autonomous regions and cities of central subordination of the main regions of the PRC: Eastern, Northeastern, Central and Western. Chinese researchers Wang Feng, Wang Yunhui, Gan Chunhui, Liang Longbin, Xiao Jincheng, Zhan Zhang conduct a comprehensive analysis of the causes and evolution of regional inequality before and after the start of the reform and opening policy. The consistent implementation of regional spatial transformation strategies has had a particular impact on regional inequality in China. After the founding of the PRC in 1949, industrialization was officially launched. There was a strengthening of the Eastern and North-Eastern regions, while the Central and Western parts of China lagged behind. In the mid 1960-ies taking into account the preparations for war, Mao Zedong proposed to carry out a «three-line construction», which involved the placement of the main production facilities of the PRC in Central and Western China. Since the beginning of the «reform and opening up» policy, China’s economic development has entered a stage of rapid growth. However, the economic growth of the territory of the PRC was extremely uneven, and the rates of economic growth in different regions varied significantly. Analysis of regional inequality indicators from 1978 to 2000 shows that 1990 marked a turning point in the evolution of regional inequality. It was not until 2003 that disproportionality in the PRC showed a downward trend.

In this article, the authors present the results of historical and genealogical study of the Astafievs family of service people from Chernavsky district, whose descendants in the second half of the XVIII century became odnodvortsy. One of the results of the reforms of Peter I was a change in the class organization of the country’s population, which was reflected primarily in service people, some of whom later became nobles, while others turned into single-palaces – small landowners. The study is relevant because the emergence and formation of the estate of odnodvortsy, their culture, behavioral patterns, migration mobility are often the objects of study of modern researchers, and the genealogy and microhistory of odnodvortsy are not fully represented in scientific publications. The authors note that the study of microhistory of a particular kind allows us to see and analyze the impact of events, processes and reforms that took place in a certain historical period on the life of representatives of the odnodvortsy estate. The source base of the work is based primarily on the use of a set of unpublished archival sources from the collections of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts and regional archives. The authors, on the one hand, concretized the material based on information concerning the Astafievs family, on the other hand, identified and analyzed key features in the study of the genealogy of odnodvortsy families. As a result, a number of archival documents were introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. Thus, the historical and genealogical research conducted on the example of the service family, which in the XVIII century turned into a odnodvortsy Astafievs family, allowed the authors to show the influence of historical processes and reforms on the evolution of individual estates, to characterize the main sources necessary for this type of research, as well as to show the specifics of studying the genealogy of odnodvortsy

The attention of the author of the article is focused on the cycle of essays by N. Garin-Mikhailovsky «In the hustle and bustle of provincial life», the first and one of the key works that together make up the «Samara text». Since Garin’s essays are biographical in nature, behind many of the characters depicted in them are historical figures, real faces. Displaying on the pages of essays representatives of the Samara society, the writer sought to show the brightest and most recognizable of them. One of such bright and recognizable characters, bred by Garin, is Proskurin, the district marshal of the nobility, depicting whom the writer retained several signs that make it possible to unmistakably determine which Samara citizens were behind this figure. Carefully analyzing the text of Garin’s essays and historical documents stored in the funds of the Central State Archive of the Samara Region, the author of the article discovers and proves that the prototype of Proskurin was the leader of the nobility of the Samara district, Count N.A. Tolstoy, the father of the writer A.N. Tolstoy. In conclusion, the article concludes that the portrait of Count Tolstoy, painted by N. Garin-Mikhailovsky, is valuable from several points of view – both as a historical evidence of Samara at the end of the XIX century, and as a historical and literary document that clarifies some of the circumstances of the birth and life of the son of Proskurin-Tolstoy, the writer A.N.Tolstoy

The article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of text from the standpoint of functional linguosynergetics. The relevance of the study is due to the need to rethink the basic linguistic concepts in terms of current scientific approaches, in particular those that are aimed at a holistic vision of the object of study in terms of its consistency, variability and functionality while immersed in the external environment. The authors consider the text as a synergistic semantic system that has the inherent properties of openness, non-linearity, non-equilibrium and the ability to self-organize. The process of formation of the semantic system of the text, during which the text is transformed into discourse, is interpreted as a functional and semantic self-organization, which consists in a cyclic change in the phase of the system’s exit from the state of dynamic equilibrium, followed by the ordering of the semantic construct (that is, its return to the equilibrium state) due to the well-coordinated, coherent interaction of multi-level elements of the system on the way of its advancement in the communicative goal - the functional attractor. The authors come to the conclusion that understanding the mechanisms for implementing the functional synergy of the text makes it possible to qualitatively influence the effectiveness of the implementation of the pragmatic task of the final text product

The purpose of the article is to examine the nature of the Slovakization of Czech texts that were created in Slovakia in the Middle Ages and in modern times. A comparison of texts created by authors belonging to different confessions made it possible to single out the main, most common type, typical of texts, primarily among Catholics, and another type, represented in the texts of Lutheran authors. The first, Catholic, type of Slovakization originates in the texts of the XVI century and is evolving. Its final stage is the codification of the Slovak literary language by the Catholic priest A. Bernolák (1787–1790). It originates initially in southwestern Slovakia, and then spreads throughout the entire territory of Slovakia. In this regard, the Slovak elements presented in it are of Western Slovak and common Slovak origin. The second type, emerging in the XVII century, had a rather limited functioning and did not become the leading one even among the Lutherans. It should be noted that in Slovak literature the prevailing point of view is that Slovak Lutherans used the Czech language in spiritual literature without any changes, but this is not entirely true, which is proved by the reviewed work of D. Pribiš. At the same time, the Lutheran type of Slovakization had differences from the Catholic one, including of a genetic nature, since the Slovakisms represented in it characterized primarily the northern dialects of the Middle Slovak dialect. At the same time, the common Slovak elements presented in it did not coincide in everything with the common Slovak elements that characterized the language of Catholics. Moreover, the use of this type of Slovakization in spiritual literature at the beginning of the XVIII century was officially banned by the Lutheran superintendent D. Krman. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that it was the Middle Slovak dialect that was chosen as the basis of the new literary language proposed in 1844 by the Lutheran Ľ. Štúr.

This article examines specific features of figurative representation of the concept of DEATH in English phraseological units with motion verbs. The relevance of this research stems from the need to model human experience and describe the most important worldview components by studying the linguistic expressions. The analysis of the concept of DEATH allows to extend the knowledge of stereotypical and cultural attitudes toward this phenomenon, increase our understanding of archaic thought patterns regarding the existential issues. Besides that, the study of conceptual interaction between different spheres of human experience, which allows to define conceptual systems as a complex interdependent structure, is also considered to be relevant. In this article the concept of DEATH is analyzed in connection with the concept of MOTION that not only describes mechanical movement but is also used to conceptualize the most abstract concept of human experience. This article also presents a deep analysis of the semantics of phraseological units. As the result, different metaphorical, metonymical and metaphtonimical models of knowledge representation are extracted. The research is carried out within a broader cultural context and combines the findings obtained from other fields of study such as cultural studies, mythology, thanatology, etc. Key research methods include etymological analysis, component analysis, semantic description, and interpretation methods. Quantitative method is also used to determine metaphor to metonymy ratio within the semantical structure of the analyzed phraseological units. The results of this research show the most common metaphorical, metonymical, and combined models that shape understanding of death; represent quantitative ratio of metaphor to metonymy. The findings also demonstrate how death is conceptualized in English linguoculture and describe the conceptual links between the sphere of motion and death

It is found that in the mythological discourse of English-speaking countries there are many concepts that are represented in the minds of people who study English as a fuzzy set of isolated concepts. This leads to difficulties that hinder the understanding and correct use of mythological terminology. The purpose of the study is to systematize the English-language mythological discourse and its terms using the thesaurus approach, which involves the construction of semantic fields and the identification of the information-semiotic nature of the studied terminology. To identify the meaning of the terms under study, we chose a semiotic approach, since in it each linguistic sign is considered as a sign consisting of the signified or content side of the linguistic sign and the signifier (otherwise called the MY? expression). It is in the signified of the linguistic sign that the meaning components are laid, which allow revealing the semantic nature of the term. Thus, it is the information-semiotic nature of the terminology «Greek mythology» that acts as the subject of research. In the course of the study, the semantic field «god» was constructed with two schemes of semantic relations; a dictionary entry was written for each term of this field. The study showed that the identification of the information-semiotic nature of English mythological terminology contributed not only to the differentiation of nuances in the meaning of mythological terms due to the creation of new dictionary entries, but also helped to clearly illustrate the connection of terms within the field by constructing schemes intended for the title term “God”. The results obtained can be used in the process of professional training of linguists, as well as for the development of lecture courses and for conducting seminars on foreign literature

The article notes the timeliness of the birth of acmeology, due to the search for patterns in the theory of the quality of education and methods for measuring it. The subject of acmeology is determined as a result of the generalization of the factors for the achievement by mature people of the heights of quality in various types of creative activity. The identified connections and dependencies have been verified and confirmed by candidate and doctoral theses (more than two hundred). Acmeology is presented as a new fundamental humanitarian science, and the acmeological approach to the study of the factors of reaching peaks in any kind of professional activity as a strategy and technology for self-promotion to the peaks of productivity and professionalism. Acmeology is considered as the foundation of modern pedagogical culture, the culture of understanding the quality of the results of one’s own activity

The purpose of the article is determined by the increasing importance and necessity of tutor activity in the context of digital transformation in education system, also in the educational process of students with disabilities. The article provides a retrospective analysis of tutor activity overseas and in national education system. Authors consider different approaches to the definition of the tutor’s concept and the content of tutor activity at various historical stages, changing of the tutor’s role in the conditions of institutional and social changes in society, methodological aspects at organization of different types of education. The article highlighted the main problems of professional training of tutors and prospects for the development of tutor activity

An important component of the military-professional training of cadets-military pilots in military aviation universities is the formation of readiness for practical activities in the troops. At the same time, the quality of training of aviation specialists does not fully meet the requirements of customers for military personnel. It is possible that the reason for this discrepancy lies in the insufficiently expressed methodological strategy of military professional training. Modern military-political conditions and trends in the development of naval aviation require that helicopter pilots have personality neoplasms that contribute to the high-quality performance of professional tasks in all types of activities. The conducted genesis of the military professional training of helicopter pilots of naval aviation revealed a number of significant problems, the solution of which is facilitated by methodological approaches of professional pedagogy. In the course of the study, based on the activity approach and the principle of identification, the leading role of interaction in all types of professional activity was established, which determines its specificity. Content- analysis of professional tasks based on a functional approach revealed a feature of professional activity, which consists in a set of professional tasks corresponding to indicators in the structure of readiness for interaction. On the basis of a system-structural approach, taking into account the specifics and features of activity, the structure of readiness for interaction (motivational-value, activity and cognitive components) and the criteria for the formation of its components (crew flight, military cohesion and tactical flight thinking) are proposed. Arguments are given regarding the need to develop readiness for interaction among helicopter pilots of naval aviation during their training at a military aviation university, as an integrative personality trait, which includes not only a set of abilities to solve professional problems, but also a number of professionally important qualities

The need to systematize and formalize soft skills in curricula makes the study relevant. This becomes especially important in the context of a fundamental reform of the national education system in Russia. The reliance on the world's best educational practices will allow creating effective training programs in order to increase the demand for university graduates. In the article the research conducted to assess the satisfaction of university students (on the example of MGIMO MFA of Russia) with the development of soft skills during the mastering of academic disciplines is presented. At the first stage of the research, scientific articles in which the authors classify soft skills were selected and analyzed, and a list of the most professionally significant soft skills was compiled and used as a basis for the developed questionnaire. At the second stage, a survey of students was conducted. There were 135 students who participated in the survey. It was found out that a high percentage of the respondents find soft skills important for their future career. However, according to the students, insufficient attention is paid to the development of soft skills in the process of higher education, so young people mostly do not associate their mastery of certain skills with their studies at university. Despite the fact that in recent years researchers have paid attention to the study of soft skills, university curricula do not regulate the improvement of skills. The missing formalization of soft skills in university curricula creates obstacles for their development in the process of studying at the university. This study confirms the relevance of updating the curriculum and educational framework