Vol 27, No 1 (2021)

In this article, the authors, based on the principles of historicism and objectivity, using the statistical method and a systematic approach, analyzed the first steps in the development of cooperative societies in the rural environment using the example of the Volga region provinces. The factors and conditions were identified, the totality of which influenced the rate of spread and development of cooperative forms of management in the peasant environment during the post-reform period. This is, firstly, the urgent economic need for the peasant in «inexpensive» credit: the lack of financial resources forced them to borrow from usurers at a high interest rate; secondly, the efforts of representatives of the aristocracy, intelligentsia and zemstvos to draw attention to this problem, to promote and demonstrate the first experiences of cooperative work; thirdly, the actions of the state to create and develop cooperative legislation. The authors analyze examples of cooperative endeavors that were initiated by the most enlightened people of their time; trace the activities of the zemstvo in the dissemination of cooperative ideas in the peasant environment, the promotion of cooperative knowledge, assistance in opening cooperative partnerships and the provision of initial loans to peasants by rural credit and savings and loan associations; state measures at the legislative level to activate peasant self-help. The analysis of all the above factors in the development of cooperative societies in the peasant environment allowed the authors, following the ups and downs of the processes described, to draw a conclusion about their interaction and influence on the development of the cooperative movement in Russia. In zemstvo and state circles, an understanding has been formed that without the inclusion of peasants in a market economy, it is impossible to develop the infrastructure of the agricultural sector. At the same time, the authors are convinced that without the gradually emerging objective conditions, all these efforts would hardly have been justified.

The problem of transition from soviet era to modern Russia and associated transformations attracted the attention of scientists (sociologists specially). Within the framework of recent sociological research (the project «Russia reforming»), it was noted that in the historical memory of the population, the collapse of the USSR and the realities of the new Russia have ambiguous manifestations, and the collective memory is declining. It is necessary to refer to the characterization of the situation with assessments of ongoing transformations by representatives of other scientific fields in the context of the memory paradigm. The article is devoted to modern interpretations of local museum transformations like places of memory. It is necessary to compare approaches to the problem of museologists, cultural scientists and historians. The basis for historiographical notes and observations is intellectual history as an interdisciplinary subject field of actual historical knowledge about various types of creative activity, creative processes and its results. The novelty of our research is that the «memory studies» uses a historical and cultural model for the analysis of Museum «places of memory» with a separate emphasis on the assessment of the modern specifics of the representation of images of the Soviet past. As the obtained historiographical results, we record the greatest activity in considering the problem of transformations in Museum publications. However, their authors reduce the essence of the problem to the inner world of museums (the appearance of additional functions and forms of activity). At the same time, since the mid-2000s, there has been a convergence of museology with historical science (the project «Role of museums – libraries – archives in the information support of historical science»). The problem of possible creation of a Museum of local history of a new type has been raised. The first publications which connecting museum and historical memory in modern Russia are most important to «memories historiography». Specifics of source base for research of local transformations museum «places of memory» are considered information from direct observations. Transformations of museums in culture space of some Siberian cities are used for example.

The problem of teaching speaking in the adult ESP classroom has not been sufficiently studied in Russia, although the challenges it poses differ significantly from those that traditional research on pedagogy can address. One of these challenges is that some Russian adult ESP students do not feel comfortable speaking English in front of their teacher and classmates, which leads to communication barriers. The review of the literature on andragogy, our observations, and the anonymous survey conducted among Russian adult ESP learners have revealed that this discomfort may be caused or compounded by such socio-cultural and psychological factors as the fear of appearing incompetent and difficulty assuming the subordinate role of a student. The given study explores these factors and suggests creating a number of conditions maximizing the benefits of speaking activities for adult ESP audiences. The first condition is a flexible class organization, in which students are mostly encouraged to interact with equals in respect of their social characteristics and language proficiency. It creates a favorable anxiety-reduced classroom atmosphere in which all learners are given an opportunity to demonstrate their strengths. Another condition is the students’ exposure to relevant learning content with interactive speaking activities representing real-life communicative situations. It raises adult learners’ motivation and reduces the impact of psychological constraints. The third condition is the teaching style of a facilitator rather than a superior, which involves recognizing that both the teacher and the adult learners are competent in their respective fields of expertise and therefore equal in status. This setting proves to foster the development of speaking skills in Russian adult ESP classrooms and thus may be recommended for this audience. Further research into the topic may reveal more factors underlying verbal interactions in adult ESP classroom.

The article concerns the issues of discussion about the composition of the monuments of ancient German writing that are relevant to the history of the German literary language of the initial period, in particular the texts of agrarian law of the 8th century – descriptions of land detours and demarcations of the Main Franconian region. The thesis of the «clerical exclusivity» of ancient German writing dominates by inertia in Russian historical Germanic studies. The relevance of the research carried out on the material of the unique monument of the so-called «second description of the Würzburg mark» is associated with the approbation of an integrated approach to the analysis of the language and genre and stylistic affiliation of the text. The place of this source in the corpus of autochthonous texts of the VIII century from Würzburg is determined. The research solves the problem of decoding the semiotic meanings contained in this old-written text, which is identified as a protocol for oral presentation. The main research methods are onomastic and component analysis (toponyms, anthroponyms), a toolkit of historical-stylistic, discursive and hermeneutic approaches using digital technologies. The genre content and linguistic characteristics of the monument are specified. The description of the Würzburg demarcation and related texts is considered in the context of the linguistic situation of the VIII–XI centuries. The main conclusions of the study: as a small-format legal text, this monument has a special semantic nature, encodes valuable historical and cultural information, unique relics of the transitional early feudal era in Germany; its reference (referential) function, areаlogy, toponymic and anthroponymic semiotics are revealed through intertextual connections with other Old High German monuments of the XVIII century.

In the article the author analyzes interjections as signals of emotions in order to determine their functions in creating the perlocutionary effect of comics, which is especially relevant in the era of ever-increasing emotionalization of the global communicative space. The research is based on 'Disney Magic Kingdom Comics' anniversary collection, which presents comics created by various authors and artists, which thereby indicates the objective nature of the research. The block of empirical materials includes both interjections that autonomously form the speech acts of comic book characters, and those which pragmatic potential is revealed in combination with verbal and iconic components. The research is carried out on the basis of linguistic description methods of the qualitative-quantitative and functional-semantic characteristics of interjections. In the course of the study the author is revealed that interjections are able to participate in the formation of speech acts of comic book characters. Interjections in the imperative function represent directive speech acts. However, the most numerous and variable group is made up of interjections expressing the emotional state of the characters, which may be explained by the nature of interjections. Further on the concentration of interjections in speech balloons is recorded and it is revealed that interjections occupy 1/5 of the entire communicative space of each of the analyzed comics. Actualizing the emotional component of comics, interjections are involved in creating the maximum similarity between the formation of a speech act in a speech balloon and in live speech. Graphic tools and illustrations allow the reader to determine the intensity of the emotion transmitted by this or that interjection, and the nature of its expression. According to the results of the study, the author is found that comics, revealing the unity of narration and visual action, serve as a valid platform for actualization of the potential of interjections, which are an integral element of this type of a multimodal text.

Today studying author terms in different fields of knowledge remains a highly topical issue since they form the basis of every LSP (Language for Specific Purposes). Though many terminological issues have already been studied, the status of author's terms remains ambiguous as well as their functioning within the professional discourse, i.e. professional communication in a particular field of knowledge. Having chosen the terminology of social sciences as the material for the given research, the authors of the article single out author's terms within its framework and make an attempt to describe the main functions of author's terms in different contexts. The methods of the research include the following: information analysis and synthesis, contextual and contrastive analysis, comparative analysis of definitions. Theoretical significance of the article lies in the fact that it allows to get a better understanding of what the author's term is and to distinguish between the term and the author's term. The described functions of author's terms in professional discourse are a step forward towards studying general terminological issues. The research has revealed that author's terms perform three main functions: the nominative one, the emotive one and the expressing polemics with the author, who coined or popularized a particular term.

The paper deals with linguo-pragmatic and semantic-stylistic characteristics of the English-online movie review. Internet communication provides a fertile ground for the development of the modern genre studies due to the emergence and development of digital genres, or Internet genres. The amateur online movie review is one of the most widespread Internet genres due to its high degree of the audience-oriented intention, focus on the wide range of readers, as well as the dialogical nature of communication. The aim of this paper is to reveal and systematize pragmatic and stylistic parameters of the English amateur online movie review. The empirical study is based upon the movie reviews taken from the IMDb website. The analysis of online movie reviews has revealed that their pragmatic function is determined by the use of the wide range of linguistic and stylistic evaluative means. In most cases the ascription of explicit evaluative characteristics to the film and its components in the text of the amateur online movie review is done with the help of the evaluative language. The important finding is that the creation of perlocutionary effect and the attribution of dialogization and intimization to the speech act are created by the use of personal pronouns of the first and second person singular, imperatives, appeals, question-and-answer structure. We have come to the conclusion that various lexical and syntactic means of expressiveness belong to stylistic markers of online movie review carrying evaluative, emotional and emphatic connotations. All the analysis conducted allows us to conclude that online movie review beside the initial function of informing also performs perlocutionary force.

The article is devoted to the research of linguistic implementation of objective / subjective information strategies in the complex of electronic texts (article + comments) from modern German media. The material of the research was the primary texts of messages on topical issues from the newspaper «ZEIT ONLINE» and the magazine «Focus Online» as well as secondary texts of messages in the form of comments from the general reader. According to the analysis it is obvious that the strategic program in the studied discursive space is a complex multicomponent system due to both the intentional attitudes of the sender of the message and the special conditions of interaction in the Internet space. The topicality of the research is determined by consideration of verbal organization and implementation of the information strategies chosen for analysis and sorted on the «objectivity – subjectivity» scale. The author emphasizes the use of means of different levels of the German language in the process of overlapping and intentional change of strategies. The emphasis is made on the fact that the strategic program of the message sender in the electronic environment can be guessed by the recipient, but there is no further continuation in the comments. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by the fact that in electronic German media a commentator, choosing suitable strategies of his own can turn the polemics based on what he read in the article into a new direction. In the course of the language analysis, it is noticed that for an electronic article, strategies of objective information are the most typically ones (detail strategy, information and interpretation strategy, logical persuasion strategy and evasion of the truth strategy), and for an electronic comment, it is more common the choice of subjective information strategy (control over the topic strategy, feelings appeal strategies and evaluation strategies).

The article is devoted to the problem of foreign language distance teaching, the choice of methods, technologies and techniques for the development of philology students’ informative and communicative competence. The author uses analysis, synthesis and systematization methods to consider the results of research achieved by the specialists in the area under consideration; pedagogical observation. Current distance teaching technologies are analyzed, the effectiveness of foreign language teaching process organized in the form of Blended Learning technology is proved and its numerous advantages are described: the possibility of individual teaching process in groups with different level of foreign language knowledge and abilities, students’ individual and psychological characteristics consideration in the studying and teaching process, beneficial conditions for students’ interpersonal communication and communicative competence development in class, development of independence, responsibility and ability to use information technologies while working with online platforms. Experience of Blended Learning technology usage in the process of philology students foreign language teaching is presented. The author describes face-to-face driver and rotation models chosen for the purposes of teaching; the possibilities of online platform Zoom for videoconferences held in real time and replacing eye-to-eye teacher-students contact under the circumstances of COVID-19 pandemic; and proves the importance of digital educational platform Skyes University introduction into the process of foreign language teaching as a source of additional material in face-to-face studies and for students independent learning process. The author comes to the conclusion that foreign language teaching process organized with the help of Blended Learning technology contributes to information skill successful formation and effective communication in native and foreign languages.

The authors describe the significance of the problem of forming digital competence of future teachers. In the period of rapid technological development of a digital society and the introduction of digital technologies, the creation of a digital educational environment, there is a need to resolve the contradiction between the demand for teachers with developed digital competence and their insufficient training in the aspect of the digital component for the successful use of digital technologies in professional pedagogical activity. The formation of digital competence is carried out in the process of implementing educational programs of higher education, as well as advanced training and professional training programs. The authors of the article aim to identify the current state of digital competence of a teacher based on the analysis of empirical data obtained during a survey of current teachers and future teachers – students of the pedagogical direction on the use of digital technologies in the educational process. Based on the analysis of the list of relevant digital competencies in the field of education, the authors develop the questionnaire questions. The authors analyze the results of the questionnaire and conclude that the level of digital competence of teachers, the degree of readiness and desire of teachers to use digital tools and services in the educational process suggest the need to develop issues of organizing effective online communication of participants in the educational process, productive feedback with students by means of digital technologies; forming a critical assessment of the behavior of students and adjusting their actions when working in a digital educational environment, control over the independence of students in completing educational tasks; applying the results of student digital footprint analysis to eliminate and correct educational deficits of individual students; using the potential of digital tools and services in organizing group work and project activities of students, communication and involvement of students, and others. The authors propose pedagogical tools for the formation of digital competence of a teacher.

In the article authors investigate the problem of readiness of students of the University for the perception of knowledge in the condition of digitalization. Due to the dramatic changing role of the Universities in rapidly developing high-tech environment there is a need for new educational technology, which can provide preparing of young people for life in modern informational society. The purpose of the study is to analyze the readiness of students of the University for the perception of knowledge in life safety in the period of distance education via Internet. Questionnaire survey covered 395 students (245 girls and 150 boys) of Samara University aged from 17 to 24, the research was done with using of Google Drive, section «Forms». The research includes the analysis of managing of study and recreation by students, their physical health, changes caused by distance education and students` attitude to different forms of education. We revealed the readiness of students for awareness the necessity to obtain quality and full knowledge, time – management that encourages the developing of responsible attitude to personal improvement, adaptation to changing living conditions. Organizers of educational process must provide digital educational platforms, improve and apply new educational learning technology taking into account unequal conditions for students in using the capabilities of the technical equipment. In order to keep all participants healthy it is necessary to take into account time spent for mastering curricula, to use actively digital technology for better messaging information and for checking knowledge when developing new forms and methods of teaching in the condition of digitalization. It is necessary to choose carefully the format of education because of the specificity of subjects. Academic discipline «Life Safety» includes enough specific training material that demands offline explanation. Especially it is necessary to attend practical classes which develop skills of first aid, behavior algorithms and emergency rescue. The authors conclude: а completely distance education will dramatically lower the quality of teaching, learning, getting necessary skills for students in their future daily and professional life.

The article substantiates the necessity to create an educational space for student development to solve «problem nodes». The aim is to substantiate an experimental training model of students in the Pedagogical College. The organization of the educational process partly transfers to school base. This model of student training includes four components: the educational program, the results of student training, resources, and the «college – school» interaction. The emphasis is placed on preparing students for professional activities through the development of professional competencies and solving professional problems. The article reveals three forms of organizing classes: immersion, workshop, and club. The student's training in this model is checked by a demo exam, in the playback of the model situation of the project task. Analysis of the results of the pilot study demonstrated that the implementation of the experimental model of student training provides productive interaction with employers. Introduction of experimental models of training contributed to enrich the psycho-pedagogical knowledge, improve professional skills, acquire terminology of project activities and methodology to students of pedagogical college. However, the model also helped to identify issues in need of improvement: the adjustment of the content of work programs in order to strengthen the practical training of students, the formation of a unified system of control assessment tools for assessing students' professional competencies for school teachers and college teachers, and also emphasized the need to organize and conduct reflexive analytical seminars.