Vol 25, No 1 (2019)

In 1979 a Bronge Age mound was explored by the archeological expedition of Kuibyshev State University. Among findings there is one vessel common for Srubnaya culture with unique image made by drawing on a clay. It portrays dancing or leaving young naked man back to the viewer. There are no analogs in the world heritage of this time made with great quality, a portraying man with perspective, dynamic and expression. Previously this finding was not mentioned in scientific researches on an appropriate level. Moreover, this vessel is so unique that needs distinct study. The discovered object is connected not only with ancient period of transformation of Eurasian cultures, but with times of the formation of the Aryans, when «The first of the dead» pra-Indian god Yama, the King of Hell, «was not the god yet». Furthermore, this object allows to see connections between pra-Aryan, pra-Indian and modern cultures in a new way. Naturalistic images were banned in researched time due to protoideological tendencies linked with formation of reproducing economy. All the pictures on vessels of Srubnaya culture we know is not only schematic, but they are nominal. Typically, vessels are decorated with ornamental compositions or simple separate ornaments. This is widely known among experts that rare images of people are statuary and primitive. However, mentioned vessel from Volchanka, as for a middle of II millennium B.C. is unique in every sense. Technique, plot, composition, angle, quality are amazing. Some analogs with similar images can be found in the Northern Black Sea region: Trypillia culture, anthropomorphic stelles of III-II millennium B.C. It was exactly Northern Black Sea region which saved ancient traditions of super realistic images (historically inherent to many cultures, especially to Indo-Aryans with their productivity). When it came to the oldest beliefs, and sometimes local tribal cults, posterity, the survival of the tribe, then deviations from the canons were allowed. In Indo-Aryan culture, plots are firmly tied to the traditions of rebirth and getting offspring. I suppose, that plot from mentioned vessel is a part of similar widespread beliefs about possibility to keep the tribe numerous, or, even, about rebirth of a dead teen.

The article is devoted to the American and Japanese historiography of history of the Japanese immigration into the USA and the American-Japanese relations on the beginning of the XX century. Author of the publication issued historiography about this historical problem, mainly the historiography of the USA, and the historiography of such states as Japan and Russia. Such historical problems were discussed as Californian Conflict of 1906–1909 and 1913, so called «Gentlemen Agreement» (1907) and Root-Takahira exchange of notes (November 1908). From the beginning of Japanese immigration into the USA on the end of the
XIX century the struggle for the Japanese exclusion had started especially in California on the Pacific coast. Restrictionism and antirestrictionism were created as main streams of American ethnic historiography. Such streams of the historiography as political idealism and political realism deals with the Japanese immigration problem too.
American historians, who are the members of the so called political idealism approach to the foreign policy of the USA problems, usually make some detailed issues of the American policy in the Far East. The American-Chinese and American-Japanese relations were based on such main streams of the Far Eastern policy as internationalization of railroads in Manchuria and the American load to Manchu government during the period of international financial consortium in China. Political idealism in the American historiography was connected with such authors as R.A. Esthus, R.W. Curry and Ch. Neu, whose monographs and articles were issued by the author of this publication. The question on Japanese immigration in the USA was respected as one aspect of the whole Japanese-American relations on the Pacific problem.
Another main stream of the American historiography of international relations is connected with works of ethnic historians such as B. Hosokawa and K. Kawakami. Author of this publication discussed question of ethnic historiography in the USA (about the Japanese immigrants and their role in the American social-political life). Main theme of this historiographical sketch were some perspectives of the 2nd generation of Japanese immigrants development in the American conditions of life. The most of the ethnical historians in the USA called the representatives of the 2nd generation of the Japanese immigrants as «Nisei». Author’s of this article research of the Nisei history is some innovational method in Russian historiography.

The article is a study of the image of Leo Tolstoy, reflected in the photographic heritage of the great writer, represented by the photo funds of the State Museum of L.N. Tolstoy. Photos are considered in the context of heritage and historical memory. It shows the imprinting and deposition of the image of Tolstoy by a variety of people who create the context of historical memory. At the same time, special attention is paid to the photographic image of the writer created by his wife S.A. Tolstaya. It turns out that the image of the young Tolstoy appear at the same time with the advent of photography in Russia. It is established that in connection with the expansion of the social circle increases the number of photographers of Tolstoy, who want to capture a variety of moments of his life and creative experiences. In the 1900s, the number of photos associated with the arrival of guests and loved ones to Yasnaya Polyana, who created entire photo collections, which displayed a variety of topics, was expanding. This is the creative cuisine of Tolstoy, and images of him in full growth, and gatherings with friends, and the Caucasus. It is revealed that the photographic memory is heterogeneous: Tolstoy was shot by professional photographers, amateurs, reporters, and images of each group have their own characteristics, but they were all included in the cultural and anthropological aspect of life in Russia. Through the prism of meetings and spiritual quest shown a progressive significance of photography for the social life of Russia. The collections of the museum are analyzed as stages of forming of the visual image in the collective memory. Photos are studied in the context of the lifetime iconography of the great writer. Their positive aspect connected with visualization of everyday life in Russia is shown.

Education always responds to changes in society, and the teacher, in his turn, is its key figure. Society is changing, demands are changing. The teacher of the University is obliged to change, which requires continuous improvement both in the subject area and in the field of teaching methods, acquiring skills in information systems of educational process management. The relevance of the problem of clarifying the functions of professional activity of teachers of educational institutions of higher education is due to the need for rational allocation of time for quality performance of their work. The activity of university teachers in modern conditions is aimed at the training of competitive personnel, which requires significant intellectual, temporary efforts from these employees; readiness for effective social interaction with colleagues, students, partners; technological competence in solving problems in the information and educational environment and information management systems of the educational process associated with the organization of research, teaching, organizational, methodological and contact work.
The article presents the results obtained by the following research methods: analysis and synthesis of scientific information, professional standard «Teacher of professional training» and the draft of the professional standard «Scientist», the results of the research in the field of professional activity of teachers; generalization and systematization of scientific facts and provisions; survey of teachers of educational organizations (monographic sample was 20 people).
Experimental work was to determine the time spent on the functions of the teaching staff of educational institutions of higher education, to determine the importance of each of the selected functions and to assess the satisfaction of teachers from the results of their functions.

The analysis of approaches to the solution of the problem of formation of psychological and pedagogical component of a professional competence of students- mathematicians studying in a higher educational institution is presented in the article. The relevance of a research in connection with the increasing requirements to the level and quality of training of future specialists is noted. It is noted that the specified problem requires a high level of ability of students to realize their intellectual opportunities, applying at the same time all the creative resources of continuous increase of the level of professional knowledge. Therefore, contents and technique of teaching subject matters should reflect requirements of employers imposed to students, future graduates of higher school in conditions of social and economic conversions in the country, their high competitiveness, mobility, readiness for self-education and self-realization. It is noted that this contributes to the teaching of the integrated course «Psychology and Pedagogics».
The analysis of the researches devoted to studying of an entity of the concept «psychological and pedagogical competence» of students, its criteria is presented in the article. The specificity of its formation in specially created pedagogical conditions is noted. The organizational model of forms, methods and means of formation of psychological and pedagogical competence of students-mathematicians applied in the integrated course «Psychology and Pedagogics» taking into account both classroom, and out-of-class activity is offered to consider.
The article presents the results of a study of the level of formation of the criteria of psychological and pedagogical competence of students-mathematicians: readiness to solve professional problems, readiness for self-education and self-realization, emotional-volitional readiness, readiness for creative self-realization, they revealed mainly the presence of low and medium levels formation. The article notes the effectiveness of the study.

This work is part of the study of problems in the preparation of bachelors of mathematical sciences. It is well-known that the attitude of students to study, as well as the emotions that arise in the process of learning, largely determine the level of their academic achievements. The article provides an analysis of the attitude of students to the study of probabilistic sections of mathematics. The survey of a group of students majoring in «Applied Mathematics and Computer Science», as well as «Computer Science» and «Mathematics», was conducted twice. The results of the survey were studied by applying non-parametric criteria (G-sign test and Wilcoxon T-test), correlation and cluster analysis. The study showed that students’ assessments reflecting the value and emotional attitude to the study of the theory of probability are stable and representative. In addition, the cluster analysis revealed among the surveyed students the presence of two groups of approximately equal in number. The first group is who are aware of the value of probability and have positive emotions when studying the course. The second group is those who have a lesser understanding of the value of the subject and experience difficulties in learning. Detection of the problem will allow developing a system of methods aimed at the formation of a value attitude and a deeper understanding of the essence of probabilistic ideas and methods.

The article, based on the two-component model of the semantic invariant of verbal aspect, covers the interpretation of two grammatical phenomena: 1) type distribution of the passive expression methods and 2) variability of expression of the direct object that accompanies some transitive verbs. Further reference to the stated problem, that was long-term and widely discussed in terms of native and foreign aspectology of the Russian language, is justified in the particular research by the novelty of the angle approach to the position of the aspect in grammatical verb system. Observations of the aspect usage in the mentioned constructions convince that meaning relationship between the aspect and varied morphological and syntactical verb categories cannot be comprehensively revealed without taking into consideration the significance of the situational component of the aspect semantic structure. Thus, perfective verbs combined with another grammatical factors replace the meaning focus from action to situation or vice versa, define the character of the direct object etc. These particular accents clearly allocate the speech aspect through reflecting the passive – reciprocal forms of imperfective verbs or passive perfective participle, e.g.: The report is being presented by the student (not is presented!) – The report has been presented (not was presented!). The first example focuses on the process of reading, the second example presents the result, that can be observed after the situation (the perception of what was heard). Conversely, the imperfective aspect, representing the action separately from the situation, emphasizes its specific meanings – existential nature of the action, its qualification etc. – according to its grammatical conditions and its own lexical semantics. It is also stated that aspect juxtaposition in grammatical and semantic contexts implements in varied proportion another fundamental property – dynamic and static of the reality fragment depicted – that is accomplished by perfective and imperfective aspects respectively.
The following semantic research of verbal aspect from the syntagmatic point of view takes into consideration the relation of the action, that was expressed through each aspect, and the situational background that would let observe new perspectives and depths of the Russian language structure.

The article deals with the texts of advertisements of the pre-revolutionary and Soviet periods, reveals the methods of creolization of advertising messages in the diachronic aspect. The analysis of newspaper ads of commercial advertising, in the center of which-a wide range of services is carried out. The means of pragmatic setting realizations of different types products representation in advertising of the corresponding periods are determined. Our aim was to describe the dynamics of using various ways of creolization in Russian and Soviet advertising. We examined the corpus of newspaper advertisements of pre-revolution of 1917 and Soviet periods. Firstly, we analyzed the correlation between verbal and non-verbal components in the advertisements. Secondly, we investigated expressive means of both verbal and non-verbal signs. Finally, conclusions were drawn on the impact of creolization in creating persuasive advertisements.
Features of both verbal and non-verbal elements of advertising texts of the declared time periods are noted. The specificity of non-verbal parts of creolized advertising texts is revealed. Their schematic or detailed elaboration is revealed. The lexical, morphological and syntactic components of advertising creolized texts verbal components are fixed.
The degree of coherence between verbal and non-verbal components in the advertising text and the degree of their to the way advertising functioning in the newspapers is established. The impact mechanism’s of the creolized text components on the readership are considered. The impact of the choice of the poetic or prosaic advertising text on potential buyers is noted.
Text sources of advertisements published in the pre-revolutionary «Samara newspaper» and the Soviet newspaper «Izvestia» as sources of material were used.
A complete repetition of the text by the image is typical for the newspaper advertising texts of the pre-revolutionary period. The using of two models of creolization was noted in newspaper advertising of the 20–30s of the XX century. The use of poetic advertising texts in Soviet newspapers of the period was noted. The specifics of non-verbal parts of creolized advertising texts are revealed. The schematic image in the pre-revolutionary period. The detailed image study in the Soviet is noted.

The article deals with semantic structure of polysemantic verbs of present-day English. Polysemantic English verbs having evaluative lexico-semantic variants of meaning are analyzed in the article. It is underlined that lexico-semantic variants of meaning of a polysemantic English verb are joined in its structure with a common dominating semantic component; semantic variants with emotive and evaluative meaning play a significant role in the semantic structure of a polysemantic verb. It is stressed that the semantic variant of verb meaning with a certain evaluative content possesses an independent linguistic status and simultaneously plays an important role in the development of pragmatic meaning of a polysemantic verb.
Emotive and evaluative components of meaning of the English verb were defined by means of linguistic definition analysis of meanings on the basis of definitions in the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. The New English-Russian Dictionary edited by professor I.R. Galperin served as material for analysis in our research. Polysemantic English verbs have a great number of lexico-semantic variants of meaning including semantic variants implying evaluation of actions denoted by the verb. Ways of forming these meanings are analyzed in the article, the main ways of forming evaluative meanings of the English verb are considered to be semantic transfer. The most widespread type of semantic transfer of the English verb is change of the subject of the action denoted by the verb from an inanimate object to an animate person. Metaphoric transfer of meaning from denotation of a physical action towards a psychic one is also widespread among English polysemantic verbs. Further development of evaluative meaning of the English verb may be based on transfer of denotation of a concrete action towards an abstract one, simultaneously a referent is evaluated and this evaluation is absolute according to its type. New lexico-semantic variants may be added to the semantic structure of a polysemantic English verb as a result of linguistic process of enantiosemy, i.e. juxtaposition of evaluative meanings of opposite evaluative sign.

The article is devoted to the study of communicative strategies that are used in the texts of appreciation letters sent to volunteers and their linguistic manifestation in American English. The material for the research is borrowed from the websites of various American volunteer organizations.
The following methods are used in the research: the descriptive method including classification, systematization and generalization, and that of contextual analysis. The author singles out linguistic tactics used by representatives of volunteer centers to achieve the communicative aim.
The article shows that the main linguistic tactic in this type of business correspondence is that of appreciation, which is realized with the help of the verb “to thank” and other cognate words. Moreover, a number of additional communicative aims, strategies and linguistic expressions are identified.

The historical events of the last decades of the twentieth century in Germany, the collapse of the Communist ideology and the «great narratives» and the new postmodern artistic practice radically change the nature of the «laughter word» (M. Bachtin) and its existence. In postmodern literature the «laughter word» loses its drama and bitterness, it now lives in the bright element of language games.
The purpose of this study is to consider the potential of the «laughter word» in the new historical and aesthetic circumstances, its functions and active participation in the procedures of deconstruction of ideological constructions of socialism in the GDR on the base of the postmodern projects by German writer Thomas Brussig.
In T. Brussig’s novels the «laughter word» is used as a universal means of destruction of the ideological content of the myths of socialism (demythologization).
In the anecdotal stories of the novel «Am kьrzeren Ende der Sonnenallee» the «laughter word» is considered in funny language games: caricature, the «laughter gesture», «black humor», playing with contexts, deliberately misuse of words, excessive use of Communist rhetoric.
In the novel «Helden wie wir» the connective of the «laughter word» and «laughter gesture» is included in the postmodern language game «on the decline»: parody, grotesque, occasionalism, euphemisms, game element names, sexual perversion. It also points to the visual using of the «laughter word»: a game with graphic writing, the use of italics and breakdown in words.
The ambivalence of the «laughter word» is emphasized to destroy old myths and create new ones.
A linguistic method of interpretation and the method of intertextual analysis is used.
In this the study the conclusions about the importance of the «laughter word» in the procedures of demythologization and in the language games «on the decline» are made.

The article discusses the problem of computer-translated texts being widely used by mass media. Because of editors’ striving for cost and time efficiency a lot of unedited or superficially edited machine-translated texts are published today. As a result people get accustomed to reading texts that violate basic rules of composition and textuality, so they stop feeling that such texts deviate from the norm and perceive them as regular. In this way a new usage is being gradually formed, contradicting standard norms of Russian grammar and combinability. This new usage leads to the erosion of the very notion of text as a structural and semantic whole. The absence of such basic categories as cohesion, coherence, logical and structural completeness gives the general readers the impression that a text is just an arbitrary collection of sentences united only by a common topical area. The article describes the destructive effect of these processes upon the mentality of native speakers, shows how they hamper the formation of a consistent conceptual and linguistic world-image. Since a nationally specific world-image is a basis of national culture, its erosion affects the stability of the national geopolitical code, of which the national language is an integral part. Therefore, linguistic safety of the country is directly involved. That is why it is necessary to specify the requirements to any translated text, irrespective of the way in which the translation was made, for it to be acceptable for mass publication either on-line or in press. It is necessary to develop and introduce a quality standard.