Vol 24, No 3 (2018)
- Year: 2018
- Articles: 24
- URL: https://journals.ssau.ru/hpp/issue/view/304
Full Issue
SAINT OLGA: HUMBLE INHABITANT OF PSKOV OR THE POWERFUL PRINCESS OF VYSHGOROD?
Abstract
The article is devoted to the problem of the origin of the Saint Olga. The author notes the contradiction in the sources, containing information on the issue. On the one hand, Olga is credited with the origin of Pskov, on the other – it is presented as the owner of located near Kiev of the city of Vyshgorod. The author comes to the conclusion that we have before us two conflicting versions of the place of birth of Olga.
The article analyzes the origin version of the Pskov Olga (as an option, in which Olga belongs to the local nobility, and the option when she was born in a commoner family). The result is a conclusion about the ambiguity of the Pskov version. Analysis of local legends about Olga suggests that they are not a feature of Pskov. Not less carefully analyzed all possible options of purchasing Olga in Vyshgorod. Special attention is paid to the version of the divorce of Olga and Igor, with the subsequent transfer by Igor of Vyshgorod to his ex-wife. Both this version and legends about Olga’s murder of her husband are doubtful. In parallel, the issue of possessory rights of noble women in Russia in the X century is raised. The author concludes that Vyshgorod belonged to Olga by right of birth. The reasons for the emergence of legends about the origin of Olga from Pskov and participation of Oleg in arranging her marriage to Igor are explained.
We must consider both that a well-fortified Vyshgorod originated in the 12-15 km to the North from Kiev and that in the X century its territory was roughly equal to the territory of the capital of ancient Russia. The establishment of the fact of origin of Princess Olga from the family owners of Vyshgorod allows new insight as to the reasons for its approval in Kiev after the death of Igor and the role of women in the political life of Russia of the middle of the X century as a whole.
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TWO CENTURIES OF THE EMPEROR: ALEXANDER II IN THE MIRROR OF HISTORICAL BIOGRAPHIES
Abstract
The article contains a comparative historiographical study of the works which are devoted to the life of the Emperor Alexander II and are qualified as the examples of the genre of historical biography. The study is based on historiographical sources: works of professional historians as well as popular and fictionalized biographies. The main aim of the study is to reveal how the interpretations of Alexander’s reign and the perceptions of his personality have changed over the times.
The author argues that the personality of Alexander II aroused the interest of historians, biographers, and writers in the times which could be compared with the Era of Great Reforms: in the times of imperial modernizations in the early 20th century; during the first post-revolutionary decade; at the period of the “perestroika” and the building of the new Russian state. The biographies of Alexander II were written from the perspective of different ideologies: monarchic, liberal-reformist, revolutionary-radical, as well as from the perspective of priority of humanist values. The genres of Emperor’s biography were also varied from a solemn eulogy to a pamphlet or a romantic love story. However, the author draws attention to some constant, unchanging components of the image of the Emperor which can be traced through all versions of his biography: his sensitivity, sentimentality, and hesitancy; she points that these personal qualities of the Emperor were evaluated differently within the frames of different discourses.
The author reveals the tendency inherent in contemporary works about Alexander II: static descriptions of Emperor’s personality give way to situational analysis of his motives and practices of decision-making, as well as to attempts to reconstruct the system of political priorities of the Emperor.
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«IT WAS RECENTLY, IT WAS A LONG TIME AGO ...»: DETAILS OF THE DAILY LIFE OF THE RESIDENT OF THE RUSSIAN PROVINCE OF THE LATEST QUARTER OF THE XX CENTURY IN THE DIARIES OF L.N. BOLSHAKOV
Abstract
The article analyzes the diary entries of the honorary citizen of the city of Orenburg, the scientist and public figure, the writer L.N. Bolshakov. From 1984 until his death, the thinker kept a diary, which is now in the family archive of his daughter, Tatyana Leonidovna Bolshakova. In the world historical science, from the middle of the twentieth century, a turn has been made from the history of states and large social groups to the history of the individual Man, to the history of everyday life. However, in the same period in Russian society, the tradition of keeping a diary is lost. In this regard, L.N. Bolshakov’s diaries have an importance value as a historical source.
The article gives an analysis of L.N. Bolshakov’s diaries in that part of it that relates to the specifics of everyday life of the provincial Russian intellectual of the 1980-ies and 1990-ies: long-distance telephone communication, hotel accommodation, postal services, the purchase of air and railway tickets, and pens. The political context of everyday life is deliberately left out. The value of the diary and the epistolary heritage of L.N. Bolshakov as a historical source, on the basis of which it is possible to analyze not only the aspects of the author’s biography, but also the peculiarities of the daily life of people of his circle of communication, the intelligentsia of the late Soviet era.
The conclusion is drawn that the diaries of L.N. Bolshakov is a historical source that can make an important contribution to the reconstruction of life of an ordinary Russian in the 1980-ies and 1990-ies, with all its nuances, temporary and even material costs.
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«WE WILL WAKE THE SLEEPING DEPTHS OF EARTH UP!» (FROM THE HISTORY OF OIL DISCOVERY IN THE URAL AND VOLGA REGION)
Abstract
The article is devoted to the milestone event in the Russian oil industry history – discovery of the 1st oil field in the territory of the Perm district of the Ural region in the village Verkhnetchusovskie Gorodki. In 1929 the oil availability in this landscape was established.
The objective of the study is to follow the effect of the report about the oil discovery in the Kama Region on Moscow and the subsequent based on this report deployment of oil prospecting works in the Ural and Volga Region, which has resulted in the foundation of the new 2nd oil base of the Soviet Union known as the “2nd Baku”. The particular aim is to analyze different points of view on the interpretation of some questions of geological and productive nature associated with tchusovskaya oil. The next aim is to find out the effect of the oil discovery on the perspectives of development of the Perm Region, on the advancement of this region to the most important industrial regions of the USSR as well. The further aim is to follow in detail the massive program for development of the Tschusovskoye oilfield with identification of its strength and weaknesses. Moreover the aim of the study is to demonstrate the sweeping changes in the village life, leading to the development of the infrastructure, to the appearance of new plants in its territory and in the final analysis to the transformation of the village in the urban settlement.
The material in the article has proved that the using of administrative methods in takeover of lands for oil-field development has dominated. The result of the oil discovery was the acceleration in the rates of the collectivization in the district relating to the resettlement of oil industry workers from the southern regions of the USSR to this region.
The author has drawn a conclusion, that the value of the oil field Tchusovskie Gorodki is great, but not due to its oil production, but rather thanks to its role in the history of the oil industry development in the Ural and Volga Regions.
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SOCIALISTS-REVOLUTIONARIES AND THE FIRST REVOLUTIONARY DEMONSTRATION OF THE XX CENTURY IN MOSCOW
Abstract
The article examines the first armed revolutionary demonstration initiated by the SRs on December 5–6, 1904 in Moscow, during which there were acute clashes and which, according to the level of preparedness, scope and immediate consequences, was a landmark event in the life of the ancient capital. The beginning of the Socialist-Revolutionary organization in Moscow at the end of 1896 was put by prominent figures of the Union of Socialist-Revolutionaries, founded in Saratov: Argunov, M.E. Argunova, S.I. Barykov, V.I. Evreinov, A.S. Martynov, V.N. Pereverzev, A.A. Chepik, N.M. Chernov. The Socialist-Revolutionary organization of Moscow by the end of 1904 was considered exemplary in the party of the Socialist Revolutionaries. It conducted active agitation among students, students, intellectuals, workers. In autumn 1904, given the worsening of social tension, the Moscow Committee of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party began organizing an armed demonstration, appointing it on December 5 and 6. Special hopes were placed on the workers of the Prokhorovka Manufactory. December 5, 1904 in the demonstration were involved about two thousand people, mostly students and intellectuals. During the demonstration, violent clashes occurred with the use of weapons, at this time more than 30 people were injured. In the demonstration on December 6, about 300 people participated.
The demonstration on December 5–6 was sympathetically received by students and intellectuals. On the leaders of the dispersal of the demonstration, Grand Duke Sergei Aleksandrovich and D.F. Trepov, the SRs organized assassinations. The demonstration on December 5–6, 1904, was the first mass armed revolutionary manifestation in Moscow in the early 20th century. In 1905 armed clashes between demonstrators and government troops became commonplace.
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SAMARA TOWN COUNCIL VS CENTRAL COUNCIL OF RESIDENTIAL QUARTERS: THE FINISHING TOUCHES TO THE FEATURE OF POLITICAL REGIME OF CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY COMMITTEE MEMBER
Abstract
Researchers define the political regime of Komuch as a democracy or a dictatorship that used democratic rhetoric as cover. To have a deep understanding of the problem the article considers a particular topic – a conflict of Samara Central council of residential quarters and Samara Town Council. In historiography, there are some different variants of the conflict events’ description and its interpretation.
In summer 1917, Samara residential quarters emerged, and in spring 1918 they came into conflict with Soviet regime. Samara Central council was organized. After anti-Bolshevist take-over, the Central council of residential quarters got a subsidy from Samara Town Council and the rights to temporary perform some of its functions, but claimed to participate in making decisions on wider range of problems, actively interacted with government and military institutions. Towards the end of July – beginning of August 1918, Samara Town Council limited interference of quarters organizations in its work. Komuch flabbily resisted, then supported the Town Council. The Central council of residential quarters lost the subsidy and self-occupied premises, polled 0,5 votes during city elections, and left the political arena. Society and government referred the Central council of residential quarters to the democratic organizations, evaluating its position, but not lawfulness of its work and legitimacy of its origin.
The author comes to the conclusion that Komuch was not able to develop a clear position concerning the place of voluntary organizations in the government structure, was a hybrid political regime (dictablanda), functioning without any distinct regulatory grounds.
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COMMUNICATIVE ASPECT IN THE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF PHILOLOGISTS-SPECIALISTS IN RUSSIAN PHILOLOGY
Abstract
In accordance with the requirements of state-of-the-art standards of the latest generation, which contain a number of competences that have direct or indirect connection with voice communication, a two-level model of students’ education has been built in the framework of the bachelor’s program (profile «Domestic philology») and the master’s program (profile «Russian language and communication in professional sphere»). This model is based on the principle of continuity, consistently embodied both within each level, and between the levels of bachelor’s and master’s degrees. The developed and tested system of preparation of philologists is shown in detail, in which communicative competence is one of the priority ones, formed through general cultural, professional competencies and ensuring the readiness of philologists to effective professional communication. This cycle at the Bachelor and Master’s levels is subject to cycles of disciplines, which include a wide range of theoretical and practical-oriented training courses covering different aspects of communication and different spheres of professional communication: pedagogical, expert, editorial, advertising and others.
Taking into account the priority position of communicative competence (especially in the framework of the above-mentioned master’s program), various active and interactive methods and techniques that develop the skills of various types of communicative activity of future specialists in the field of philology take an important place in the teaching of all academic disciplines at different stages
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PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES OF FORMATION OF INFORMATION COMPETENCE OF STUDENTS OF UNIVERSITIES OF CULTURE
Abstract
In the information society in solving professional problems and problems valuable quality of any specialist is the ability to respond quickly to the needs of a dynamically changing reality, constantly improve and replenish their knowledge. The article deals with the approaches to the definition of the concept of «information competence» as a key qualification characteristics of a modern specialist, traced its relationship with the information culture of an individual. The formation of information competence of future specialists in the sphere of culture is the basis for the implementation of the whole complex of their professional competencies in the organizational, managerial, design, research and methodological, information and analytical, psychological, pedagogical, cultural and educational spheres.
It is conducted the correlation of the competencies of the GEF 3++ areas of educational training within WGSN 51.00.00 cultural studies and sociocultural projects, with the tasks of formation of information competence of students. The need for a differentiated approach to the selection of the composition and forms of application of pedagogical technologies for the implementation of the concept of information and cultural education, depending on the goals and content of the profile of training is noted. The article reviews the experience of using cognitive-oriented, activity-oriented and personality-oriented pedagogical technologies in the educational process in the aspect of creating and developing the qualities of information competence of students. The efficiency of introduction of interactive forms of classes that stimulate students to search for additional information for analysis and presentation, the use of visualization of knowledge based on multimedia technologies, elements of Museum pedagogy, interaction with cultural institutions of the Volga region is proved.
Personal-activity aspect of information competence is associated with the development of ethical standards and criteria for assessing the modern information environment, which to some extent lays the foundations of ecological cultural thinking of the student.
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FORMATION OF UNIVERSAL COMPETENCES OF STUDENTS BY MEANS OF THE DISCIPLINE «HEALTH AND SAFETY»
Abstract
In connection with the deterioration of the health of the population, the negative demographic situation, frequent emergencies in Russia and around the world, etc., the discipline «health and safety» was introduced in all Russian universities. The modernization of modern education, which has been taking place in recent years in the country, is accompanied by a change in the standards of education. In the first generation FSES, health and safety was to form the competence «possession of the basic methods of protection of production personnel and the population from the possible consequences of accidents, catastrophes, natural disasters». According to the FSES 3 + bachelor’s program was to establish general cultural competence OK-9 «Ability to use first aid techniques, methods of protection in emergency situations». New FSES in 3++ expand the goals and objectives of the discipline. As a result of the development of health and safety should be formed universal competence of the UK-8 «Able to create and maintain safe living conditions, including in case of emergencies».
Thus, there was a need for the formation of young people’s motivation for a culture of safe life. The conscious need of society for safe behavior in everyday life, educational institution, at work, rest, allowing to preserve, strengthen their health, improve the quality of their lives and the lives of their loved ones, should become a vital need of every person.
To form a universal competence of the future graduate of the University in solving real problems arising in life, we use a variety of interactive teaching methods: analysis of situational problems, game modeling, thematic debates, brainstorming. The use of various methodological techniques aimed at activating the cognitive and activity functions of the individual, contributes to the actualization of its value orientations, self-development and successful socialization in society, and ultimately, forms students “ culture of safe life.
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FORMATION OF THE SOCIO-GAME STYLE OF ACTIVITY AMONG STUDENTS BY MEANS OF A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
Abstract
Innovative processes in education cause the need for the formation of a behavioral personality model that is included after the end of the university in the economic, social and political life of society. The modern educational paradigm sets methodical risks due to changes in goals, content, means of teaching a foreign language, which should adapt the graduate to the specifics of professional activity.
The problem of formation of a creative personality capable of solving non-standard problems is actualized, whereby the situational method becomes dominant in the methodology of teaching a foreign language. The article provides evidence of effectiveness of the use of the means of theatrical pedagogy for the development of professionally significant properties of students, taking into account the specificity of their future profession. The selection of the study is presented by future teachers, architects, translators). Based on the results of the formative experiment, the conditions for the formation of creative personality ready for the socio-game style of activity in the context of integration into the international professional community are revealed. The significance of the activity of a teacher of a foreign language realizing theatrical technologies with the support of the principles of psychodramatic approach, is shown.
In the course of experimental work, systems for the formation of creative personality of the English language teacher are simulated, based on the contextual approach and the formation of the creative imagination of future architects. The leading activity in the study of a foreign language by future architects is the design activity, which is a set of information, research, creative, practice-oriented projects in English. The procedural element of the system can be widely used in pedagogical practice. The result of the forming experiment confirmed the hypothesis of the possibility of influencing foreign language resources for preparing the future architect as a creative personality.
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FORMATION AT STUDENTS-PHILOLOGISTS OF READINESS TO CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES
Abstract
The article deals with such ways of formation of student-philologist’s readiness for cultural and educational activities as diverse project work, as the choice of the most interesting from an educational point of view objects of literary study («thick» literary magazine, book series), as the traditional re-reading of the text.
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FEATURES OF EVALUATION OF QUALITY OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF SPECIALISTS OF SOCIAL SPHERE
Abstract
The social sphere, which includes such important components. as education, health care, the system of social protection of population, culture, makes serious demands on the level of training of specialists. This is due to the increasingly escalating contradictions between the social order of society for future specialists for the social sphere and the imperfection of their training system; the need to develop a quality system for training specialists for the social sphere and the lack of specific criteria for assessing the quality of training.
In the article the problem of professional training of specialists for the social sphere is investigated, its goals, tasks, and features are revealed, in particular, its mega-theoretical character and a practical orientation are named among the main ones. The problem of the quality of professional training of specialists for the social sphere is defined as a problem that requires careful study. For this purpose, the article provides a definition of quality, reveals the essence of the concept of the quality of education, which allows us to identify the dominant trends in assessing the quality of training specialists for the social sphere.
It is noted that the organic unity of intellectual, emotional, spiritual properties and qualities, communicative, technological, praxeological and other knowledge and skills that the future specialist is able to effectively implement in his professional activity is the main indicator of the quality of professional training of specialists for the social sphere. In addition, there are objective and subjective criteria for assessing the quality of professional training of specialists for the social sphere. The first include the real changes in the position of man, society as a whole, which they also estimated. Subjective criteria include an assessment of the quality of teachers’ activities and an assessment of the quality of the work of future students.
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COMPETENCE-BASED APPROACH TO THE FORMATION OF A PERSONNEL RESERVE OF THE EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION
Abstract
The problem of personnel policy is actualized in professional education. The professionalism of employees of the educational organization is a strategic resource in the situation of competition between universities.
A qualitative change in the functions of a University teacher in connection with innovative changes requires the organization of a system of professional development of the teaching staff on the basis of the principle of continuity.
The article presents the results of modeling the system of personnel reserve development: the content is expressed by modules adequately formed competencies of the teacher of the University; the result of preparation for management activities is described by a set of indicators, formed on the basis of the principles of competence and reflexive approaches. Practically significant are the materials of the experimental work carried out in connection with the creation of universities of the new formation (national universities, reference and flagship universities). On the basis of comparison of results of ascertaining and forming experiments the effectiveness of the developed system of professional development of the teaching staff (assistants and senior teachers under the age of 35 years) by increasing the values of the set of indicators in the structure of readiness is proved.
The article is based on the fundamental state normative documents of the Federal level, which focus on the quality of education, the integration of science and education. The study identifies the optimal conditions for human resources management.
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RUSSIAN DRAMATIC PLOT OF THE XIX CENTURY AND THE ROLE OF THE HERO-CHEAT IN IT
Abstract
The work underlines that the personage’s point of view, according to which he evaluates everything that is going on, was going on or is just potentially possible, – is individual, personal. The hero’s vision is limited by the possibilities of the personage’s character and situation. But due to his world viewpoint the reader/spectator gets an opportunity to interact – on a dialogical basis – with the author’s viewpoint as also individual, personal.
A special role in proving of the suggested theses is played by the image of a pнcaro. In Gogol’s, Turgenev’s, Chekhov’s drama as the drama of modern times he is not so much a provoker providing the development of the dramatic action, supporting the dynamics of its development – as ‘an eye’. His provocations cease to be effective. The author concentrates his attention on the paradoxicality of the hero’s position, on his evaluation of his own fate, on the subtle portrayal of potentially possible variants of its development.
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SPANISH VIEW OF THE WORLD AND ITS PROJECTION IN THE ARCHETYPE OF MADNESS OF SPANISH LITERATURE
Abstract
The article deals with interrelations between the view of the world of the Spanish ethnos and an archetype of the Spanish literature – madness. It is shown that the view of the world of each ethnos consists of constant and variable elements. Constant elements are caused by historical development of the nation and remain throughout all existence of ethnos which develops during the centuries relevant mechanisms of protection – real or ritual actions. The literature can be considered as one of the ritual mechanism of protection against external threats.
The relevance of the research is caused by lack of analysis of a phenomenon of madness in Spanish culture. In the article it is shown that historical development of the Spanish ethnos has caused the emergence of such characteristic sign as aggression. This one was generated by fight against the Arabs, it was strengthened by the conquest of Latin America, and finally it was transformed to an autoaggression. This circumstance leads to suppression of own feelings and reason, this characteristic sign of national character has led to appearance of numerous madmen in the Spanish society. This circumstance has found the reflection in one of the most known images in the Spanish literature – Don Quixote’s image.
The periods of efflorescence of art and literature of Spain fell on years of the long grave economic crises: on the end of the 17th and the end of the 19th centuries. These years the Spanish people have used the checked mechanisms of psychological protection: they prefer the irrational and chimerical reality to real life. These years are ones of efflorescence of baroque and surrealism with their cult of associations, difficult metaphors, aggressive penetration in unconscious, the deleting of borders between the worlds. Madness as a result of an autoaggression and the sleep of reason become the archetypes of Spanish culture and literature defining her identity.
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«SHAMAN ROAD»: THE MOTIVE OF DREAM-TRAVEL IN THE NOVELS BY M. FREI
Abstract
The article studies the role of the oneirosphere in the stories written by M. Frei by means of motive analysis, mythological and metaphysical method (the term by A. Beguin). The relevance of the topic is due to the low popularity of both M. Frei’s creativity, and the genre of fantasy itself among contemporary researchers. The novelty of the approach of M. Frei’s image of the oneirosphere is that the state of sleep experienced by the heroes is viewed not as passive contemplation, but as a way of actively transforming the personalities of the heroes and the world which they live in. The motive of dream-travel reflects different stages of the shaman’s experience of the protagonist and the characters close to him. The authors also assess the dream experienced by the heroes from the point of view of the mythological consciousness, which shaman has. The characters who travel in a dream can transfer themselves not only to another geographical point but also to another world. The motive of dream-travel can have a creative nature: heroes who see some new worlds while sleeping can embody such dreams in reality. The main hero of the stories, Sir Max, uses travel in a dream in order to pass through the next stage of initiation: he receives new magical skills. In particular, when he sleeps he spontaneously receives the ability to transfer other people to other points of space. Like a shaman, Max experiences a threat of disintegration of personality in a dream: he is pressured by other worlds, trying to lure him into them and destroy his present individual self in favor of some hypothetical future of the new self.
Secondary characters most often perform the functions of magical assistants of the protagonist: spirits-helpers, totem animals, magical donors who not only protect his current personality from disintegration, but also create the most comfortable conditions for further self-development.
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ABOUT THE FIRST TRANSLATION OF THE «METAMORPHOSES» BY OVID IN A.P. SUMAROKOV’S JOURNAL «HARD-WORKING BEE» (1759)
Abstract
The article studies the reasons for the appearance of the first prosaic translation of the excerpt from «Metamorphoses» by Ovid in the March issue of the magazine «Hard-Working Bee». The «Hard-Working Bee» is a new type of monthly periodical press for the XVIII century.
This is a private journal, its editorial policy did not depend on the government or the Academic office. Sumarokov published it as a private enterprise for one year, from January to December 1759. March book of «Hard-Working Bee» is, like the previous two, a collection of texts of different genre nature. Prose and poetry, original works and translations were published there. Neither the translation repertoire, nor the language of the source, nor the genre, nor the personality of the translators can give even a hint at the reason for the appearance of specific texts in the early January, February and March issues of the «Hard-Working Bee».
In the article, the generally accepted interpretation of the Sumarokov journal’s appeal to the ancient texts as following the tradition of academic journalism or the General cultural context of secularization is questioned. Three probable reasons for the appearance of this passage in the March issue of the «Hard-Working Bee» are considered. One of them is the Masonic orientation of Sumarokov’s magazine. The second is criticism of domestic and foreign policy of Empress Elizabeth and her entourage. The third is the literary war declared by Sumarokov against Lomonosov on the pages of the magazine. The translation of the passage, made by the student Kramarenkov, became the semantic core of the whole March issue of the «Hard-Working Bee», and the myth of the Phaeton turned into a key element of the mythology of early Russian Freemasonry.
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HUNTERS’ SELF-PRESENTATION (BASED ON GERMAN HUNTERS’ WEB-SITES)
Abstract
The article deals with different ways of self-presentation of German hunters’ social group on the websites. The aim of the social group’s self-presentation is creating of positive group image in the society realized in the virtual space through public service self-advertisement. The self-presentation of social group is regarded in a close relation to self-definition. The presentational element of discourse shows itself in the accounts of social group on the web sites. This element called presentems is realized in different text types, in different presentational entities on different levels. The effective self-presentation of the social group in the virtual space is achieved due to variability and volume of content, availability, regular updating.
According to my research results, the German hunters’ society consolidates representatives of different ages, professions, social groups. The need of self-presentation consists in necessity of reconsideration of the social role and social tasks of the group, of its popularization in the society, of social group’s viability achievement and creation of culture-significant reputation of the hunt as a form of activity and a cultural phenomenon. The hunting society regards itself as a group of nature lovers and considers environment-oriented projects to be essential.
The author analyses different text types, which contain different volume of the self-presentational elements. She regards direct and indirect ways of self-presentation and describes the instruments of public service self-advertisement. The social group realizes the direct self-presentation in legal texts proclaiming juristic principles and basic philosophical concepts of the group and in statistics of modern hunters. The indirect self-presentation is realized in texts relating to news, in scientific, pedagogic, domain-specific, culture-historical texts. The positive image of the group is achieved due to positive semantics of lexical-semiotic presentems. The main strategy consists in attractive behavior that shows selection and grouping of materials placing an emphasis on modern values.
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OLD FRISIAN INSULTS IN CULTURAL-HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Abstract
This paper discusses Old Frisian swear words used in the Medieval society to insult another member. These include 8 simplexes and compound words attested in the Old Frisian sources. The Old Frisian corpus can be characterized as a minor one, limited not only in terms of its volume, but also in terms of the genre spectrum. To be more precise, all Old Frisian texts, be that codices, charters or private letters, are related to the legal domain. As blood vengeance was widely practiced in the Middle Age Frisia, the continuous sequence of vendetta was limited through a compensation system covering a vast variety of illegal cases. The concept of honour was of great importance for the Frisians, and any offence was to be compensated in the court. At this, a person’s honour could be offended not only through causing bodily harm or property damage, but through verbal insults as well.
The paper analyses four semantic groups of insults: insults related to or addressed to females; social status understatement; intellectual abilities understatement; comparison with animals. Each of the eight cases considered in the paper are discussed within a wider cultural-historical context. First of all, the female-related swear words are connected with, on the one hand, the pan-Germanic idea of female night spirits choking the sleeping person, or, on the other hand, emphasize the bastardly status of the addressee, which would negatively predetermine their position in the Frisian society. Secondly, the addressee could have been insulted by a direct statement of their limited or completely absent property, which would assert their low social status as well. Thirdly, and this case is still relevant for the contemporary world, an insult could have been based on a statement of the addressee’s limited intellectual capabilities. Finally, the fourth group includes designations of animals associated with aggression or indecency.
An analysis of Old Frisian swear words and their functions as insults in a wider context allows to touch upon and reflect basic linguo-historical features of the Old Germanic data despite the minimal volume of the lexical selection.
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LANGUAGE TESTING SYSTEMS IN EUROPE AND IN RUSSIA: REASONS FOR CREATING, PURPOSES AND OBJECTIVES
Abstract
The reasons for elaboration of language testing in Europe are connected, first of all, with the foundation of the European Union. The united economic space required from workers knowledge of foreign languages confirmed by corresponding certificates. After the spread of language testing and the creation of international organizations involved in the development of testing in Europe, it has become possible to unify the language exams of different countries. In Russia there manifested another situation. After the breakdown of the Soviet Union, the Russian language began being perceived in foreign countries as one more foreign language together with German, English or French. Therefore, it was required to create a new system of language testing, which would allow Russian language to integrate into the system of European educational space. When Russian researchers created a language testing system, they used the European experience, but took into account the specifics of the Russian language and the developments that already existed in the Russian methodology. Now we can see, that their experiment has great results. Soon the Russian testing system will hold its twentieth anniversary, and the TORFl system will continue to evolve.
In the article the history of test control, the stages of development of linguistic-didactic testing are presented. The reasons of appearance of test systems, the purposes and aims assigned by European researchers and their Russian colleges are considered.
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REFLECTION OF THE INNER WORLD OF A PERSON IN A CHANGED CONDITION OF HIS CONSCIOUSNESS (ON THE MATERIAL OF ARTISTIC TEXTS)
Abstract
The article presents, on the material of artistic texts, linguistic ways of reflecting the inner world of a person in a state of narcotic intoxication and his perception of the surrounding reality with a view to evaluating these methods from the point of view of specifics compared to methods of reflecting different types of internal state of a person which is normal in the Russian linguistic view of the world. Special attention is paid to the ways of textual reflection of certain phenomena characteristic of the state of drug intoxication: «personality split-up», «space duplication», hallucinations.
According to the results of the study, a conclusion is made that there are no specific methods of depicting the state of drug intoxication and the person’s perception of the surrounding world in this state: in some cases, metaphorical images are used that are typical for displaying different variants of the emotional, mental, and physiological state in the Russian language world picture in others, typical ways of describing various forms of an altered state of consciousness, known to each person and widely represented in various types of discourse, are involved, including in literary texts: dreams, memories, fantasies, poor health, etc.
The analysis revealed differences in the assessment of some of the depicted aspects of perception of reality from the standpoint of the person experiencing them, and from the standpoint of the reader. In certain cases (when describing hallucinations, etc.), the means perceived by the reader as figurative (metaphorical) reflect the impressions that are real for the subject of this state, perceived by him sentimentally, in this case the corresponding means are not assessed equally by the speaker (narrator) and by the reader.
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REALIZATION OF «LOVE» CONCEPT IN THE TEXTS OF ROCK SONGS
Abstract
The author examines in detail the explicit and implicit means of this concept realization. The analysis shows that the elements of conversational style in the texts of rock songs contribute to the closer communication of the singer with his fans, make the lyrics more understandable to the recipients, facilitating the implementation of their conceptual content. Slang units in the texts of rock songs help the performer express his attitude to the concept realized; they are dynamic and expressive means of rendering the author’s ideas; they make the lyrics more understandable to the modern generation.
The analysis has demonstrated that that the most frequent stylistic means of the «LOVE» concept realization in the texts of rock songs are such means as metaphor, rhetorical question and repetition. The language and stylistic means are used to render the basic idea that love has a significant impact on the inner world of a human being.
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CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURES «KNOWLEDGE» AND «EDUCATION» AS THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF LINGUODIDACTIC DISCOURSE AND THE DYNAMIC CHARACTER OF THEIR REALIZATION IN MODERN ENGLISH
Abstract
The article concerns the study of the English linguodidactic discourse that can be regarded as the specific kind of pedagogical discourse, which possesses peculiarities of its own, determined by its belonging to the certain subject area. Knowledge and education are analyzed as the key concepts of the discursive sphere in question. In linguodidactic discourse the concept of knowledge can be represented at the level of different formats, among which linguistic knowledge is of particular importance. The issue concerns with both theoretical basics of language and the corresponding culture learning as well as practical language skills acquisition. The study of linguodidactic discourse as part of pedagogical discourse seeks its investigation in terms of the concept of education, which is of vital importance within these lines. The conceptual formations under analysis can be represented in the English discourse by various terminological units, among which the most significant are «general knowledge», «knowledge of the world», «sociocultural knowledge», as well as «linguistic knowledge», «language knowledge», «knowledge of language», «knowledge of the language», and «linguistic education», «language education», respectively.
The semantic peculiarities of linguistic units in question are closely connected with the peculiarities of certain contexts that play an important role in the process of the linguistic meanings representation. In the course of investigation the dynamic character of the concepts under analysis is being manifested, which enables the researcher to analyze them as flexible conceptual structures, demonstrating dialectical unity between concept and notion as closely connected mental formations that tend to find representation on the level of language and speech in their close interaction. The dynamic character of the phenomena is to
a great extent determined by the qualities of cultural value and epistemological significance of the units under investigation.
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NON-LINEARITY AS SYSTEMIC PROPERTY OF FUNCTIONAL SPACE OF BUSINESS ENGLISH DISCOURSE
Abstract
The article discloses the notion of non-linearity in terms of functional (pragmasemantic) characteristics of business English discourse. The authors support the traditional concept of linearity in reference to speech structural organisation; but at the same time they note that the formation of the sense system makes a much more multifaceted process than a successive addition of text components.
Firstly, numerous links are established in a speech chain not only between adjacent units, but also between distant parts of the text. Secondly, even successive phrases acquire additional connotations and sense accretions, as in the course of speech build-up pragmatic and semantic components accrue as specific properties peculiar to this very context and disappear or transform in a different medium. Thirdly, such interaction of all the text elements results in generating «new senses» which the famous linguist, academician L.V. Shcherba, considered even more important than the text syntax. Thus, multisided and diverse discourse links and relations create its aggregate non-linear functional space, which actualises sense accretions on the principle of synergism (figuratively speaking, «2 + 2 = 5»).
The authors analise this phenomenon based on the examples of different business English registers. The authors come to the conclusion that irrespective of the genre, style, national variant of English the property of non-linearity is always realised in communicants’ actual interaction. This property must be used intentionally and appropriately for enhancing the efficiency of rhetoric impacts and harmonising partners’ interaction, especially in international communication.
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