Vol 25, No 4 (2019)

The authors aimed to reveal the role of historians of Samara (Kuibyshev) University in the training of highly qualified scientists in the field of historical sciences (candidates and doctors of historical sciences) for higher educational institutions of the Russian Federation and the Samara Region. The formation of a system of training highly qualified scientists at Samara university is traced in the context of large-scale changes in Russian historical science, which affected the choice of subjects and methodology of theses, as well as the establishing of international scientific relations. The study is based on the materials from reports on the activities of Samara State University, reference and anniversary editions, as well as on ego-sources, i.e., on memoirs and interviews with university professors. The authors examine the formation of the teaching staff of historical departments, highlight the key stages in the development of postgraduate school and doctorate at the university, the creation and reprofiling of the dissertation council on history. The article contains the data on the dynamics of defenses of the candidate and doctoral theses in history at the Dissertation Council of Samara (Kuibyshev) University. The authors identify the main areas of training of scientists, characterize the scientific schools that were formed at the historical faculty of Samara University and have received recognition from the Russian scientific community. Based on the study, the authors identify the most important stages in the training of highly qualified scientists and the main generations of historians at Samara (Kuibyshev) University from the 1970-ies to the present.

This article is devoted to the opening of the main social–cultural types which were formulated in the diaries’ notes of professor M. M. Bogoslovsky from Moscow Imperial University. The specific characters of each of the social group which were marked out by the historian are defined in this item. In Bogoslovsky opinion, the base of the Russian society in 1917 is «Russian nation», which is divided into three social categories: peasants, workers and soldiers. The link between the generalized notion “Russian nation” and Bogoslovsky’s professional views is revealed.

The next important social – cultural image for the historian is intelligentsia and Bogoslovsky’s attitude to it is controversial because of its disunity. In the situation of the social – cultural crisis in 1917 a new social group – revolutionaries – takes a special place. In this article Bogoslovsky’s attitude to this social group is revealed as well as his professional view on the concept “revolution”. The wreath of the social structure of the society in Bogoslovsky’s opinion is monarchy. At the beginning of the 20^th century Russian monarchy has remained very specific, the historian remarked regretfully the incompleteness of social cultural conversions, which, to his mind, must have taken place in the society under the rule of the monarch.

Through the analysis of the diaries’ notes there was made an attempt to identify and analyze the unified social – cultural model of Russian society, formulated by Bogoslovsky.

The article analyzes one of the vectors of transformation of the urban estate of pre-revolutionary Russia, petty borgouise into new social strata of Soviet society through the texts of everyday behavior of citizens in the era of the turn of state policy to materialism in the mid – 1930-ies, which occurred in connection with the need for industrialization and obtaining funds for it. The article analyzes the contamination of concepts: petty-bourgeois as the name of the urban class and petty-bourgeois as a qualitative characteristic of the soul, that is, an ethical category. Following the logic of historical construction «from below», the daily practices of the urban population, formed by the activities of the branches of Torgsin in Samara, which can be defined as «petty-bourgeois», are studied. The micro-level approach is used to show how in a particular historical phenomenon, in particular, in the activities of Torgsin, there is a return to the usual practices of urban trade, the associated practices of deception, speculation, as in Soviet everyday life begins its «historical destiny» the word «blat», as the government forces the little man of the city to get comfort, using loopholes such as parcels and transfers from abroad or the surrender of family heirlooms. Anecdotal and literary everyday life lies in such a micro-event, as a broken ceiling of the store, from which you can steal the goods. But the seriousness of the crime, as well as the scale of the historical fact- is only one more facet of historical research, in whose «lens» should include both institutional events and the smallest behavioral practices.

The sources of this work are archival documents from the funds of TSGASO.

The aim of the study is to study the peculiarities of transformation of the social petty-bourgeois everyday life of the Russian provincial city in the first years of the Soviet power, in particular, in the situation of influence on the urban daily life of practices caused by the establishment of Torgsin.

It is concluded that in a situation where «from above» there was a temporary retreat from socialist construction towards the admission of «petty-bourgeois» texts of behavior into the daily life of Soviet people, "from below" the former petty-bourgeois commercial environment of the city began to use this situation to make its everyday world more comfortable, which in the mythology of the new socialist ethics was called «meschanstvo» and «obyvatel’schina».

The article describes the ways of aristocratic influence on the local government. The problem of the early modern times state formation is closely related to the issue of changes in the relations between the central authority in the person of the monarch and his entourage and existing elites, especially regional ones. The influence on the local administration work is traditionally considered one of the most important characteristics of the nobility of the late Middle Ages. For example, Thomas, Baron Dacre (Northern Branch), one of the influential border barons, and his son and heir, William, were selected. For several decades, they played a leading role in the region. From the contemporaries and descendants’ point of view the shires, bordering Scotland were taken the stronghold of the rebellious nobility. The research is based on the analysis of the first Tudors era state papers: correspondence, royal patents and letters. For several decades, the Dacres themselves were one of the border shires magistrates. They took an active part in the work of the commission of the peace, proposed candidates for inclusion in the justices of peace. The Cumberland peace commission, where the main possessions of the barons were, included a significant number of their relatives and servants. In Northumberland, where the Dacres recently acquired property, they were not able to influence immensely the composition of the magistrates. While Thomas Dacre, as the Warden of the Middle and East Border Marches, took an active part in the work of the peace commission not only of Cumberland, but also of Northumberland, William Dacre focused exclusively on activities as part of the Cumberland magistrates. In the activities of the justices of Northumberland, he did not take such a lively part.

The article considers the problem of military-professional training of cadets – military pilots in a military aviation university, which forms a readiness for practical activities. The relevance of the study is due to the needs of modernization of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in the current external and internal conditions of life of the state. The military-professional activity of cadets-military pilots is considered as a process of solving professional tasks that ensure the readiness of aviation units to ensure the military security of the country.

The significance of the command-methodological activity in the structure of the military-professional activity of an officer is revealed. Based on the activity approach, team and methodological tasks in the content of military-professional activity are determined, the leading role of command-methodological activity is proved. On the basis of the functional approach and the principle of identification, the functions of command-methodological activities are determined: military-flight, organizational-managerial and educational.

Arguments are given regarding the command-methodological competence of cadets-military pilots during their training at a military aviation university. The specificity and peculiarity of the military-professional activity of cadets – military pilots is specified.

The paper deals with the problem of professional activity successfulness conditioned by genetic, intellectual and emotional characteristics of an individual. Its foundation of specialists’ productive activity is proved relying on B.M. Teplov’s point of view about giftedness «as a combination of abilities unique in qualities». Internal and external conditions are distinguished as professional giftedness factors. For defining the structure of the lawyer professional giftedness the principle of the giftedness and consciousness structures correlation is applied based on the principle of the consciousness and activity unity. The attention to the quality of maintenance of the students’ (future lawyers) professional giftedness development process is paid. The necessity for university lecturers’ preparedness to the students’ professional giftedness development is noted. The necessity demands integration of the forms and methods of educational and non-educational activity. The sample data is justified by the legal profession difficulties that require psychophysical efforts and tension for achieving aims and emotional stability to negative facts. The attempt to clarify the meaning of professional activity of a lawyer conditioned by the determinate relation to the world, the type of existence, which defines the essence of activity, is made.

The article highlights three key syntactic characteristics of advertising discourse, analyzed on the basis of English-language advertising texts of non-specific thematic affiliation: the predominance of a certain type of sentences, commitment towards syntactic compression and a specific composition of arguments, as well as the inherent use of syntactic rhetorical techniques. The specifics of the syntactic design of advertising texts is studied using structural, stylistic and pragmatic methods of analysis with the aim of describing the compositional syntactic construction of advertising messages and characterizing the corresponding peculiarities of the way advertising information is being perceived by a potential consumer. The findings of the study summarize the set of syntactic characteristics of advertising text design: 1) the success of the advertising discourse depends not only on the correct selection of words, but also on the syntactic organization of the advertising text; 2) although all types of sentences are present in the English-language advertising discourse, imperative sentences are the most common and pragmatically effective; 3) an advertising message is better perceived and memorized when it is constructed as a short text subject to syntactic compression; 4) advertising text efficiency depends on the positioning of the arguments in its syntactic structure, and the most effective model is where the key argument is located in the heading, the evidence argument is placed in the main text, and the generalizing argument is exposed in the echo phrase; 5) syntactic rhetorical tropes are an important advertising tool, since they are more memorable and can attract the attention of a potential consumer, adding an element of surprise and creating a more positive attitude towards the product as a whole; 6) English advertising texts typically contain such syntactic tropes as ellipsis, parallel constructions, inversion, parcellation, antimetabole, and rhetorical questions.

Linguists showed their interest in studying lexemes with negative meaning not so long ago, so there is no developed and unanimously accepted theory on means of negative assessment. Topicality of this study is also connected to the fact that communication over the last decades is marked with the growth of negative information.

The article provides an overview of theoretical literature on the stated problem terms. Applying definitional and etymological analysis, we distinguish the terms «dysphemism», «slang», «vulgarism» and «invective» which are considered to be synonymous or are not fully defined in some studies. The article also highlights the problem of distinction between dysphemism and euphemism, which are traditionally contrasted in terms of utterance. We underline that the context plays the crucial role in their distinction since the same lexical unit can carry both positive and negative connotations in different communication situations.

The theoretical statements of the article are illustrated with examples from the corpus of comments on political news in the Internet newspapers of France and Russia. The pragmatic approach is applied to the analysis of examples (the macro context is taken into account), since it proves to be effective in determining the communicative purpose of utterance and analyzing the evaluative elements.

Our study has shown that dysphemism is a means of negative evaluation in general. Slang and vulgarism can have dysphemistic meaning, while invective is a type of dysphemism with the main idea of expressing aggression.

The article is devoted to the description and study of special structural formations in the discourse that differ from linear referential structures, intentional networks, the participation of which is necessary for the implementation of author's intentions. The intentional networks deprived of the nucleus serve as representations of the cognitive presentation plan, linking the reference basis of the presentation with the network structure that creates the conditions for regulating the processes of message understanding.

The material base of intentional networks is formed by language tools with non-descriptive semantics, the functional purpose of which is to pragmatically accentuate the fragments of the presentation that are most significant for the formation of meaning, and to create a “field of understanding” containing the necessary cognitive and communicative orientations for the participants to communicate.

The predominant interest in the processes of planning, production and understanding of speech acts in cognitive pragmatics highlights the problem of systematic conceptual knowledge models (individual and conventional), the presence of which is a condition of understanding. Less attention is paid to the systematic nature of language processes, which, in our opinion, is of primary interest to linguistics. The current state of knowledge requires further differentiation and differentiation in the discursive process of rigorous algorithmic procedures and flexible structures, which allow making changes to the strategic program implemented by the author of the text during the creation of the text.

The study of speech works makes it possible to distinguish structural formations of two types in them, linear and network structures. In contrast to the centralized sequence of propositions, the intentional network is created by many centers, the flexibility of the network elements is due to the multilayered subjective perspective, which has several levels of organization. The grammatical level is represented by the grammatical subject, the semantic (propositional) - by a certain type of agent, the cognitive - by the subject of reflection or perception. The communicative (pragmatic) level allows you to make a choice between the subject of speech (addressee), the addressee and the observer (external participant in communication). The network nodes use various combinations of perspectives, which creates unique opportunities for managing the processes of understanding in the conditions of remote comunication.

The paper deals with the actual issue of the historical stylistics of German – development of the nominal style in the Early New High German (XV^th and XVI^th centuries). The town chronicles as one of the most popular genres of the narrative prose from this period are used as study material. For the research, four chronicles of the German-language area from XV^th and XVI^th centuries have been chosen: these of Bern, Basel, Worms and Zürich. The purpose of article is to analyze different types of attributes with regard to their genre-specific function. First, an analysis of syntactic and semantic types of attributes in each chronicle is conducted with subsequent data comparison between each text and conclusions about stylistic and pragmatic factors of the use of attributes. For this, we used a sample of 1500 noun phrases chosen from the chronicles specified.

The action nouns realize their combinative potential most often. The most frequent attribute type is an attribute in Genitive, whereby some differences in its topology are discovered between the chronicles of the XV^th century, on the one side, and the chronicles of the XVI^th century, on the other. In the latters, the attributive genitive is more often placed after the main word. For all chronicles, only a small number of infinitives and participles in function of attribute are found, the number of noun phrases with several attributes is small, too. The percentage of noun phrases with attributes of the second and third dependency degree is not large either.

The research made allows a conclusion that the town chronicles have differed from the usage of official writing in respect to the volume and «depth» of a noun phrase. Differences between the chronicles of XV^th and XVI^th centuries are discovered only in some attribute types, whereas the general picture does not alter principally. The noun phrase in our texts should be characterized as a compact one. It may be explained with the unwillingness of authors to complicate the perception of their texts, for many official chronicles were read aloud. Complexity and informativeness characteristic for the official and early scientific texts seem to be expressed in chronicles at the level of the main sentence parts, but not at that of a noun phrase.

Specific features of medicalisation within modern English internet advertising space are considered in this paper. Medicine adverts and commercials hosted on one of the most popular English public websites are of particular interest in this research project. Both innovations in medicine leading to the medical knowledge upgrade and the increasing role of medical product advertising activities motivated the present study. Medicalisation in mass-media discourse is characterized by popularization of various medical commercials enduing general public with the medical language and medical mindset. The specific objective of this study is to reveal and systematize factors providing aforenamed tendency to medicalisation of modern English internet advertising. The empirical study is based upon the modern medicine commercials from YouTube.com and includes such methods as data collection and analysis, description and classification of material accompanied by discourse analysis. The most remarkable result to emerge from the data is that pharmaceutical and healthcare service commercials are very popular today due to social needs and requirements and consequently supported by the British authorities aiming to emphasize the importance of health and indicate possible ways and means of health maintenance. Another important finding is that celebrities’ and politicians’ participation in medicine advertising is contributing a lot to the success and commercialization of the medical items. Further analysis showed that the authors of commercial video clips are trying to highlight human values applying various verbal and non-verbal means to increase the perlocutionary effect. Positive and negative comments on commercial videos aimed at focusing upon the effect of medical products contribute to expanding pragmatic potential of the internet advertising. The growing trend to popularization of health product is also supported by the findings of the research project intended to describe English medical linguistic markers registered in mass-media discourse under analysis.

The monograph devoted to the history and cultural development of the German Democratic Republic is evaluated. V. V. Nefedov's historical and cultural qualification is highly appreciated. A deep analysis of the problem is given. The monograph vividly illustrates the general culture of the countries of socialism.

The review is devoted to the analysis of the monograph by Kabytov P.S., Eliseev A.I., who carried out a scientific study of the biography and activities of the prominent administrator of the city of Kuibyshev – Alexei Andreevich Rosovsky, who made a great contribution to the development of the economic potential and sociocultural space of the administrative center of the Kuibyshev Region. The study of the activities of A.I. Rosovsky built through the prism of identifying traits of his character. The consideration of the most important stages in the biography of the town leader is organically combined with the study of his activities for the development of Kuibyshev in the 1960-ies – 1980-ies. The book has been prepared on an extensive source base, using the latest literature, and is a serious contribution to the study of the functioning problems of the elites of Soviet society in the second half of the 20^th century.