Vol 25, No 2 (2019)

The reform of zemstvo self-government held in 1917 by the government was meant to construct the inner basis of the state organism, covering the local life Russia having tied it into the whole. Introduction of volost (area division in Tzarist Russia) zemstvo (country council) was one of the most important zemstvo reforms in 1917. This was driven by several factors justified by the authors of the article.

 Firstly, introduction of volost zemstvo self-government was one of the most prepared and long-waited reforms for which country councils were fighting from the beginning of the XIX century. Secondly, the reform included into the system of local power multi-million peasant Russia through volost’ meetings and municipal councils. Thirdly, with the introduction of the lower level of zemstvo structure there appeared a well-developed and complete system of self-government covering the state life from volost’ till the All-Russia Zemstvo Union. Fourthly, elections to the Constituent Assemly depended on the elections to volost zemstvo as they were kind of a rehearsal and a new experience of All-Russia elections. In the long run, the creating of volost zemstvo was the basis of all other zemstvo reforms of the interim government. The fate of the democratic organs in the country depended on the success of the reforms.

 Taking into account the fact that by the time of February Revolution the preparation for volost zemstvo introduction in Russia has been developing for a decade, the law on volost zemstvo was the first in the reform package of the the interim government. The introduction of volost zemstvo was considered by society not as a revolution in the system of power, but as the logical conclusion of an effectively functioning structure of local self-government.

In the article on the example of cooperative societies of the Middle Volga Region one of the ambiguous problems of the development of cooperative movement in Russia in the early XX century is raised: the participation of cooperation in the political life of the country. In domestic historiography, various points of view have developed on this subject: from the complete denial of the participation of cooperatives in political life to the proud recognition and even exaggerated their role in political processes. The latter, as a rule, characterized Soviet historiography, which declared the active participation of representatives of the Bolshevik Party in the work of cooperative organizations. In the pre-revolutionary period, representatives of gendarme offices were periodically informed about the danger of cooperation as a potential hotbed of revolutionary sentiment. Theorists and practitioners of cooperation themselves, as a rule, declared the apolitical nature of cooperation. The purpose of this article is to determine the place of politics in the life of cooperative organizations and the degree of actual participation of cooperative majority and leaders of cooperation in political life.
To achieve this goal, an analysis of historiography was carried out, the experience of cooperative activity in the provinces of the Middle Volga Region was studied, and corresponding examples were given. From a methodological point of view, we proceed from the fact that cooperation is a dual phenomenon, which closely combines both economic and social functions. The article is based on the general scientific principles of knowledge, such as historicism and objectivity. These principles helped to assess the essence of the problem being studied, taking into account the different points of view of both scholars and contemporaries of the events studied. The dynamics of the processes that characterized the cooperative movement of the Middle Volga Region in the early XX century were studied using the statistical method.
The systems approach allowed us to see the place of political processes in the life of cooperative societies and the cooperative movement as a whole. And to conclude that the closer the cooperation entered into interaction with the state, the more cooperative leaders were involved in political life. The latter, in turn, led to disagreements and even to a split in the cooperative ranks.

The purpose of the article is to reflect the mechanism of decision-making of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) with regard to cases having socio-political nature considered at the political commission of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) on the basis of introduction of new archival documents into scientific circulation.

The reform of the judicial system at that time was necessary to maintain the revolutionary rule of law  in the country. Despite the fact that it was of a pronounced political nature full trust to it from party bodies as it was visible wasn't.

The author found that after the introduction of party control over the activities of state security bodies, since the mid-1920-ies party control and the consideration of court cases. With this purpose the Political Commission of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was created. It is established that in the process of its activity there were double standards in making decisions on criminal cases, this was clearly manifested in the consideration of the so-called «Chita case». Its public consideration was extremely negative political result. In this regard, the crime committed by members of the Communist party, members of the Politburo, explained the complete lack of understanding of the committed act on their part. The highest party body of the country, as an exception, made the decision to limit the use of non-criminal and party punishment to criminals.

The article describes the types and scale of assistance provided in 1943 – 1945 by the Belarusian SSR by the Union center in the restoration of the destroyed by the Nazi invaders agriculture of the Republic.

It states that this assistance was part of the state program of restoration and development of the national economy of Belarus, developed by the Soviet government with the participation of the republican leadership of the BSSR.

The authors of the article touch upon such important types of assistance of the Belarusian village from the Union center as the allocation of funds for the restoration of the agricultural economy, the import of cattle and agricultural machinery from the Eastern regions of the RSFSR to the BSSR and due to the reparations from the defeated Nazi Germany, etc. The article also highlights the problematic issues in obtaining the help of the Belarusian SSR from the Union center.

The authors conclude that the assistance provided by the Union center of the BSSR in 1943–1945 played a crucial role in the process of restoration of the destroyed agriculture of the Republic.

The article discusses the concept of teaching university philosophy course. The current teaching of philosophy at the university does not correspond the requirements of the time, as it is focused on gaining knowledge of philosophy. Such an orientation is characteristic of a classical university, which can exist only in a situation of stability and relatively slow changes in the social world around it. Modern University prepares its graduates for professional activities in a continuously and rapidly changing world. The present dynamic life requires from a specialist the skills of independent, critical work with information, responsible use of it. The purpose of the article is to determine the conceptual foundations of a university philosophy course that correspond contemporary realities. The necessity of orientation of philosophy to the formation and development of the student's skill of reflection problems and issues of professional activity and daily life is justified. In this regard, the task of the university philosophy course seems to be equipping the graduate with the philosophical tools of reflexive activity. Solving this task is promoted by such methods of mastering philosophy as self-reflection, reading and analysis of philosophical texts and discourses. Experience shows that these methods work most effectively in thinking about questions of moral and existential choice, individual freedom, professional mission, the search for the meaning of life, etc., that is, in the analysis of real life situations.

In conclusion, it is concluded that the conceptual basis of teaching philosophy in higher education today must be transformed from the study of philosophy to the practice of philosophy.

The article deals with the problem of readiness of a university teacher for knowledge management in conditions of formation of a cognitive university. The modern process of development of the information society is continuously associated with the changing role of knowledge, which is a separately created public good and a separate resource. The development of knowledge economy transforms the conditions for the functioning of a higher school, orienting it to the training of graduates who would have an individual set of necessary competences on a multi- and metadisciplinary basis. The urgency of the problem is determined by new educational conditions that give the teacher the functions of a mentor, coach, consultant and manager-organizer of the educational process, which is identical to the process of knowledge management.

In the course of changing the role of a teacher in an educational organization of higher education, his scientific activity acquires special significance. The authors presented the specificity of scientific activities of a university teacher in the context of the development of a fourth-generation university, revealed the concept of a university teacher's readiness to manage knowledge.

The main research methods are the analysis and synthesis of scientific information, research results in the areas of knowledge management in educational institutions of higher education and teacher’s professional activities; generalization and systematization of scientific facts and provisions.

Based on the principle of identification, to determine the structure of a university teacher's readiness for knowledge management, the types of scientific activity are correlated with the main stages of knowledge life cycle management and his official duties.

As a result of the research, the authors proposed a knowledge management readiness structure that integrates value-motivational, instrumental-digital, research, appraisal-analytical, interactive-communication and academic-entrepreneurial components.

The article deals with the semantic changes of the terms of the Humanities and those of social and political sciences, the majority of which are consubstantial. It is universally acknowledged that a lexical-semantic way of coining new terms is the most productive one, which makes the majority of terms consubstantial.

Words borrowed from the general literary language more often than not undergo the process of terminologisation and turns into terms proper whose meaning becomes more precise and narrow. Besides the process of terminologisation the article also considers the processes of determinologisation and reterminologisation. The research has also shown that the meaning of the term changes due to its transition from the category of the author original terms to international ones. These conclusions are also applicable to metaphor-based terms and terms coined on the basis of proper nouns. Having become part of terminological word combinations, proper nouns lose the meanings common for all participants of the speech community.

The growing level of terminologisation results in the change of meaning of the term to such an extent that it becomes understandable only to professionals. The common seme which the term shares with the word of the general language disappears.

The material for the research includes terminological dictionaries of various fields of the humanities and social and political sciences (economics, politics, law, art criticism). The authors have tried to present the studied material as a whole, to address certain problem caused by the change of meaning and to identify regularities of terminological meaning change.

The purpose of this article – within the framework of the lingvocultural approach is to consider the features of linguistic and cultural opposition of us/them in the text of the historical novel by I.I. Lazhechnikov «The Ice House» through the prism of the real historical and cultural situation, on the example of the opposition of two historical eras – the reign of Anna Ioannovna (Biron) and Peter's time. To achieve this goal contributes the solution of the following tasks: the definition of dichotomy us/them as the basic cultural analysis of the opposition of this world duality in the text of the novel by I.I. Lazhechnikov «The Ice House». The research methodology was determined by its purpose and objectives, respectively, we used the following methods: continuous sampling method, the method of definition, component and contextual analysis. The article attempts to trace the representation of the dichotomy of us / them at different levels of embodiment of the writer's linguistic personality: lexico-grammatical, cognitive (conceptual) and pragmatic, as well as to determine its place in the disclosure of the essence of the individual author's picture of the world of the novelist.

The binary opposition between friends and foes is one of the oldest in the world picture of any nation. The conceptual dichotomy of us / them refers to the base Constantan axiological picture of the world. On its basis, the ways and nature of the author's reconstruction of the literary text of historical reality are determined. Opposition us/them is the basis of both the national picture of the world and the picture of the individual author, which is clearly reflected in the texts of artistic discourse. This opposition is peculiar represented in the texts of historical novels, a striking example of which can be considered a novel by I.I. Lazhechnikov «The Ice House». This opposition expresses conceptual information that corresponds to the thesaurus level of linguistic personality of the artist of the word. The dichotomy is built in accordance with the ideological views of the writer: the carriers of cultural ideals of the era, carrying light and good, are described as their own; others are opposed to them – sinister, dark forces. Turning to the reconstruction of the historical era of the reign of Anna Ivanovna, I.I. Lazhechnikov in the center put forward a dichotomy of us/them, playing a key role in his individual-author's picture of the world.

The article looks at cognitive and pragmatic means of language naming units which take place in discursive and communicative human activities (based on journalistic – the articles of the website of the newspaper «Komsomolskaya pravda» (Baranec V. Senior lieutenant Rashid Aryapov unravels mystery of Russian submarine «Kursk» disaster, Baranec V. Mystery of Russian submarine «Kursk» disaster uncovered, yet Russians kept in the dark), the analytical article of the website of the magazine «Voennoe Obozrenie» (Boval V. The Russian submarine «Kursk» disaster – «Battlefield observations»), historical – the series of Shigin’s books (Shigin V.V. The «Kursk» Ballistic missile submarine. 10 years later. Facts and theories, Shigin V.V. The «Kursk» Ballistic missile submarine disaster. Afterword, Shigin V.V. The Russian submarine «Kursk» disaster. Unknown chapters of history) and poetic (the poem of the Belgorodian poet I.A. Chernukhin “The submarine «Kursk». August 2000”) discursive texts. Special attention is primarily given to the ‘2000 Kursk submarine disaster’ which serves as a main source of discursive formations as well as explores their role and functions in secondary naming units which are described in the article. The study was based on various texts of discursive formations, such as journalistic articles and interviews, historical documentaries and memorials as well as a collection of poems by a Belgorodian poet I.A. Chernukhin. The main purpose of the article is to establish various intersection points of discursive formations for describing specific historic events. Research problems are determination of the main categories of a text historical event, the main forms of expression of a text historical event, conditions of a transposition of a historical event in various discourse formations, identification of ways of a transposition of a historical event in different types the discourse formations. In the field of our attention there was a representation of a historical event in texts of a publicistic, historical and poetic discourse. In this context the strategy elected by authors for creation of an image of a historical event in a concrete discourse formation were considered.

The period of church reforms of the middle of the XVII century is one of the important stages in the development of the Church Slavonic language, in which the norm stabilizes as a result of editing and printing of liturgical texts, and the Russian literary language in the new conditions of correlation with the Church Slavonic language and expansion of its own borders. Textual approach allows to determine the main directions of changes in the systems of these languages. Genetically correlated reflexes of the Slavonic diphthongic combinations are the diagnostic signs of the East Slavic and South Slavic languages. Multiple-editions of the First petition of Archpriest Avvakum chosen for study. The analysis shows that the full-voice / non-full-voice vocabulary recorded in the message is represented mainly by South Slavic correlates, with different preferences for equivalents of correlative pairs of the -глад-/-голод-. The implementation of heterogeneous reflexes * dj as a whole corresponds to the Old Russian manuscript tradition and suggests that the strengthening of the South Slavic <жд> is not the result of the so-called “second South Slavic influence” period, but is determined by editing of the church literature of the XVII century. Against a wide background of the South Slavic designation of the suffixes of real participles of the present tense, the realization of reflexes *tj is genetically diverse, which causes the emergence of transplants of the type <тружающiися>. Editorial editing of the First petition in the XVIII and XIX centuries was directed towards strengthening the realization of the South Slavic-derived reflexes. Each of the analyzed groups creates a complex pattern of implementation of genetically correlated reflexes, which leads to a heterogeneous genetic background of the text, including due to the content of the First petition, close to «The Life of the Archpriest Avvakum by Himself».

This article discusses various definitions of the concepts of metaphor and metaphorical model. The meaning of the somatic metaphor in sports discourse is analyzed. Subspecies of somatic metaphor - physiological metaphor, morbial metaphor and social metaphor are identified. Conclusions about similarities and differences of the English and Spanish sports discourses are made. A large number of metaphors are created in the areas of language functioning that are in the center of special public attention, and on issues that are debatable in society, such as politics, economics, ecology, etc.

Modern linguistic studies, interpreting metaphor as a mental and cognitive phenomenon, make it possible to speak about the universality of metaphor, its presence in the conceptual structures of human thinking.

The study used the methods of analysis and synthesis, the method of comparison. Work has been done on the study of somatic metaphors in English and Spanish; comparisons of physiological metaphors, morbial metaphors and social metaphors are made in the sports discourse of Spanish and English.

In the course of study, it was found out that the physiological metaphor is used both in English and in Spanish, but differs by objects of comparison, i.e. those with which parts of the body the association takes place. If in English sports discourse such parts of the body as head and face are the source of metaphorical images, in the Spanish version bones and muscles dominate.

Consequently, the widespread use of anthropomorphic metaphor in the texts of Hispanic media is not accidental. Possessing all these properties, sport functions as an organism. This gives grounds for highlighting the metaphoric model “SPORT-BODY”, within which we can say that the names of body parts can be a source of metaphors in sports discourse.

Review of the monograph by young author P.A. Mistryugova, devoted to the problem of the formation of local emergency bodies during the years of the Civil War, which was insufficiently studied at the regional level, offers a critical look at the presented research, which involves a comprehensive analysis of the book and the material used.

Highly and positively assessing the work done by P.A. Mistrugov work, we note that, unfortunately, outside the author’s attention remained such an important issue as the form of public perception of the activities of emergency authorities. The protest movement is also represented in the monograph quite schematically. It would be interesting to trace the reaction of the inhabitants of the Samara province to the activities of emergency structures, especially since, characterizing the source base, the author declares the use of ego-documents, and positions as a task the recreation of the appearance of participants in revolutionary events.