Vol 24, No 4 (2018)

The article considers the Church policy of Prince Mikhail Alexandrovich of Tver. Tver Prince managed to defend the independence of his Principality in the fight against the strengthened Moscow Principality, which claimed the role of the unifier of Russia. The Church had an important place in his affeirs. At the beginning of the XIV century the alliance of Moscow and Russian metropolitans formed. Metropolitan Alexius most actively used the opportunities of the Church to strengthen the positions of Moscow. Being the enemy of the Prince Dmitry Ivanovich of Moscow, Mikhail turned out to be an opponent of the Metropolitan Alexius. Based on the chronicle material and correspondence of the Patriarchate of Constantinople with the warring parties, the conflict between the Metropolitan and the Prince of Tver is traced. The opposite sides appealed to the Patriarch Philotheus to support their position. Initially, the Patriarch of Constantinople expressed support for Alexius, but under the influence of Mikhail Alexandrovich and his ally, the Lithuanian prince Olgerd, he took a neutral conciliatory position. As a result, under the influence of Philotheus, the prince of Tver reconciled with Alexius. Mikhail developed excellent relations with the next Metropolitan Cyprian, who was hiding in Tver from the troops of Tokhtamysh. The position of Bishop of Tver had also great importance. Bishop Basil suffered from the Metropolitan for supporting Mikhail. However, in 1390 there was a conflict between the prince and the new Tver bishop Euthymius. Metropolitan Cyprian reconciled them by ordaining a new bishop Arsenius to Tver. Mikhail carried out active church construction, maintained contacts with Constantinople and Athos. The author attempted to analyze the relations of Mikhail of Tver with the Church and their influence on the political situation in North-Eastern Russia in the second half of the 14th century.

The main aim of the article is the investigation of the process of fundamental technical reconstruction
of transport on the basis of electrification. In 1956 the Council of the Ministers confirmed the Railway Transport Electrification Master Plan. The railway transport of the Urals and of the Volga Region entered in the new period of progress connected with radical reorganization of the railway transport system. Electrification of the Ural railway transport had been predetermined by the great volumes of transportations, highlands and hard climatic conditions of the Urals. The analysis of great amount of documents proved that the railways of the Urals and of the Volga Region had been electrified as the local cuts of great railways of the USSR – Great Siberian railway, Southern Siberian railway and main lines Moscow – Sverdlovsk and Moscow – Kazan. Electrification made deep changes in the material and technical basis of the railway transport: the heavy solid rails had been laid in the track on the metal ballast, radio communication had been spread on the railroads for the short time, the great impulse had been given to scientific investigations in the sphere of power system of railroads. But the most significant achievement of modernization became the foundation on the transport of the new institutes and technical schools where the large majority of engineers and technicians had been trained for exploitation of the electrified railroads.

The author determined the main aims of electrification in the Volga Region and in the Urals. The electrified railways of the Volga Region increased the carrying capacity of communications of the central regions with the Bashkir Republic and Kazakhstan. The electrified lines of the Urals provided the modernization of the Great Siberian railway and improved the communications between the European regions of the USSR and the Western Siberian region. The author proved that modernization of the Ural and the Volga Region railways on the basis of diesel traction had small economic and technical effects. Electrification became the main and decisive way of modernization of the Ural and Volga Region railway transport.

Increased attention is paid to the formation and development of universal characteristics of future specialists in the process of training at the University due to the integration of different types of their professional activities. In terms of scientific and technological progress, it is natural to assign a leading role to engineering activities, which includes the design, construction and creation of innovative objects of the material world. At the same time, the requirements of the world community and employers to future engineers have increased, which, along with the leading function, require a number of socio-cultural knowledge, skills and qualities, among which legal ones occupy a special place. Legal culture of a specialist is an integrative education of a person, which allows to realize their professional rights and obligations within the legal field.
This work is aimed at presenting the results of the study of legal culture of future engineers, which was determined by content analysis of the opinions of teachers of legal disciplines and graduates of engineering specialties of the same University, and subsequent comparison with the requirements of potential employers. The analysis of the results showed a significant difference between the indicators of formation of legal culture of specialists and the request of high-tech enterprises. In conclusion, the prerequisites of the results are analyzed and possible solutions are proposed.

The problem of forming the students legal competence in different areas of training is due to modern economic conditions, in which industrial relations, relations with consumers, financial relations, etc., are the main areas of activity of advertising and public relations specialists, which requires a revision of methodological and didactic principles of professional training with legal competence. A sample of the research is presented by advertising and public relations specialists, who regulate the procedure for preparing materials for publication in the mass media. Advertising and public relations specialists need to know relevant legal documents regulating the basics of advertising activity. These specialists are legally responsible for the violation of the rights of others, the use of false information in advertising, the disclosure of confidential information and trade secrets. However, it is this specialty that is associated with such professions in which information and intellectual property are often used in the framework of competitive relations. This means that advertising and public relations specialists may abuse their position, using the information they have received improperly, disclosing trade secrets, or holding back some data, hiding the negative aspects of products, services, entrepreneurs. The article presents the structure of legal competence based on the identification of the scope and types of activities; found indicators for each component. The rationale is the identified specifics and features of activities of these specialists. On the basis of theoretical development of the problem and norms of the requirements for the types of activity of an advertising and public relations specialist, the need to develop a system for forming their legal competence, the level of which affects the reputation of these specialists, is proved. At the same time, legal regulation of professional activity of advertising and public relations specialists has a decisive role for communication interaction and information security in general and for each individual representative.

Urgency of the developing education issue is caused by: changes in the social environment which have affected the social and psychological sphere of the person and negative factors in the changing world have caused a new paradigm of personality formation as «the creator and the carrier of social»; priority of personally focused developing education pursuing the aim « from the subject of social life – to the subject of own development»; existence of a contradiction between a tradition of obtaining information through visual channels, through visual communication and need of personality self-realization in free verbal communication that is caused by abilities to communication and assumes creation of optimum conditions of future expert new level consciousness formation.   
In the article attention is focused on the process of developing foreign-language education which is based on regularity of level-by-level personal development by means of a foreign language that promotes expansion of communicative range. Skilled and experimental work consisted in the development of the language personality model able to integration into world professional environment, in selection and approbation of future lawyers’ vocational training means. For teaching practice was developed an algorithm of subject matters integration with a foreign language that allows to create conditions for formation of university graduate readiness for the solution of professional tasks in multicultural environment. It is proved that specially organized training sets personal sense of activity that is confirmed by the created professional consciousness of future lawyers.

The article considers formal, non-formal and informal types of education in integrity due to the development and interaction of all forms of lifelong learning. The official documents that formalize the terms of formal, non-formal and informal education are reviewed. Moreover the article reveals the impact of the informal education as the least studied on the motivation to lifelong learning and on the developing a holistic view of the world when cultural and educational components are top-priority. The article analyzes the immanent functions of the lifelong learning forms which are understood widely as a part of the nation cultural code and accompany a person throughout his/her life. The relevant situation with lifelong learning forms having been introduced at the Petrozavodsk State University (PetrSU) is presented. The pedagogical research conducted by the authors with PetrSU students is described.
The study methods were opinion polls and a questionnaire survey. The research results reveal the synergy of informal and formal (professional) education and their interconnection and mutually stimulation. Thus, the interaction of the three lifelong learning forms is the necessary integrated basis for updating a modern student research and educational potential. A modern student creative potential in many respects depends on the involvement degree into the educational process presented with all forms of lifelong learning.
To obtain a qualitatively new level of educational process and move to a result-oriented educational model teachers and students should be highly motivated. The higher level of motivation could be achieved through the informal component of lifelong learning.

The introduction of multimedia learning tools has become possible because of the influence of environmental factors: sociological, technological, economic, and political. The recent changes in the external environment have contributed to the widespread introduction of multimedia in the organization of education: in the social environment there is an interest in communicating through a computer in social networks, the creation of powerful computers, interactive tools provide the teacher with a new tool, changes in the legal framework in the field of education also accelerates the introduction of multimedia, including the use of electronic library system.

However, along with the positive factors of the use of multimedia, there are additional problems. This is because additional training is required of teachers and students of very significant acquisition costs of technical training, content and maintenance of software and technical training. The article proposes a method of cost-effective increase of multimedia use by creating a special educational environment in the study group.

E. Matthew’s theory of human relations states that people work more productively if they feel attention from the management. Curators of training groups should contribute to the creation of an educational environment in the group. To do this, it is necessary to study the features of each student, create conditions for the implementation of features, identify informal leaders, create small groups that will organize mutual assistance in the use of multimedia tools by leveling the level of training in computer science, and reduce the fear of large amounts of information.

The article is devoted to the study of Turgenev’s novel «Fathers and Sons», to the consideration of the image of Evgeny Bazarov. Despite the study of the work, some significant problems remained unsolved. One of these problems is connected with the inconsistency of Bazarov’s nature, with the central question of how his titanic possibilities for practical activity are consistent with his emotional scarcity. The task of this scientific article is determined by the need to pay attention not to the ideological characteristics of the hero, but to his psychosomatic personality type.
In this regard, the aim of the work is put forward: to systematically mark and describe the psychomental and behavioral manifestations of Bazarov, to reveal the multidimensional integrity of his anthropological type. To solve these problems, structural-semiotic, cultural-historical and comparative-historical methods are used, methods of psychiatric description are used. Sources of study were the novel by I. S. Turgenev, as well as, in addition to literary works, special studies on psychiatric problems.
The article for the first time considers the whole complex of mental and psychosomatic manifestations of Bazarov, which later psychiatrists and psychoanalysts, observing their patients, identified as signs of alexithymia. For the first time it is proved that Bazarov – alexithymic, which is characterized by emotional and lexical silence, underdeveloped imagination, operational thinking, lack of empathy, replacement of «verbal emotion» somatic reactions, practical prudence and a tendency to «escape» in repetitive actions, comprehensive nihilism-all that became the anthropological basis of his cultural and historical personality. The results of the article differ in scientific novelty, allow to clarify not only the existing ideas about the image of Bazarov, but also about the creative genius of I. S. Turgenev, who managed to embody in the word such a type of person, which in psychiatry will be described only in 1970.

The article attempts to consider the biographical and creative relations and mutual influence of three masters of the pen – E.N. Chirikov, on the one hand, and A.N. Tolstoy and his mother A.L. Tolstaya, on the other hand. Introduced in Samara in the 1890-ies, E. Chirikov and Tolstoy maintained relationships and maintained interest in each other’s work for many decades, as evidenced by correspondence, memoirs and works of art containing direct and indirect traces their mutual influence on each other. The latter is proved by the example of comparative analysis of the collected book by A.L. Tolstoy «Backwater» with the early stories of E.N. Chirikov «The Invalids» and «Strangers», as well as the «Mermaid Tales» by A.N. Tolstoy with the «Volga Tales» by E.N.Chirikov. There are similarities and differences between the «Samara» works of A. Tolstoy and the works of E. Chirikov written under the impression of life in Samara; similarities relate to the function of urban landscape in the works of two writers, the character of the image of the urban society, as well as the image of the main character’s attempts (heroes) to break the cycle of everyday life and break out of the “provincial” reality, or – to prove its inconsistency. The study of E. Chirikov and A. Tolstoy’s mutual influence was carried out on the material of the «Volga Fairy Tales» of the first and «Shredded Tales» of the second, analysis of which revealed the following: in both cases the fairytale allowed the writers to stop biographical experience, reality to enter with it into new value relations, or, in other words, fabulousness ensured the achievement of that very aesthetic distance, without which the artistic development of reality was impossible, which in the case of Tolstoy was still unfamiliar to him as a young writer, and in the case of Chirikov – too famous. The result of this consideration is the reconstruction of historical-literary plot, which was still outside the limits of literary scholarly attention.

This article discusses the relationship of Vladimir Sorokin’s literary work with the ideological and aesthetic attitudes of the Russian avant-garde. According to the author, to create a picture of the world Sorokin alternately refers to the methods of artistic research, characteristic of different generations of Russian avant–garde – cubofuturists, oberiuts and conceptualists – with a common focus on the fundamental problems of life, first of all – on the relationship between nature and culture as the basis of the world order. However, the natural life that takes place outside the framework of cultural conventions in the texts of Sorokin loses its appeal, is endowed with features of chaotic, low-lying physiological reality. In the modern understanding of the writer, all the «wild» that only is in man, being uncontrolled, was the «animal» in the worst sense of the word and manifests itself in appalling scenes of murder, cannibalism, coprophagia, etc. Therefore, the triumph of nature in the image of this author gives rise to a bloody nightmare or – if there is a cancellation of cultural conventions and the rivalry of nature and culture comes to naught – leads to entropy, the extinction of the energy of being. The balance of nature and culture, according to Sorokin, is possible, but gives a temporary and unreliable result. Demonstrating one or the other possibilities of interaction of the beginnings of life, Sorokin follows the ways of his predecessors – the avant-garde. The obvious goal of the author is to prevent re-appeal to the ideas that once led to a deadlock Russian culture and Russian society. The article analyzes the early stories of Vladimir Sorokin, novels «Norma», «Day of Oprichnik», «Manaraga» and other texts of the writer.

The article discusses the features of architectonics, the lexical composition and interlanguage correspondence published in Kцnigsberg (East Prussia) at the beginning of the war against the USSR for the needs of the Third Reich Nazi army of the mass German-Russian phrasebook edited by G.F. Plumsch. This military phrasebook is generally evaluated as a coherent text in conjunction with material, ideological, and sociocultural factors. It is a pragmatically oriented text in the event-oriented aspect of the specific military situation and the militarist doctrine of the German Wehrmacht at the beginning of the war in 1941. A military phrasebook as a type, an active kind of transferable ideographic (thematic) dictionary with the prevailing translation function is focused on the communicative interests of the user in ensuring a minimum of communication in certain situations.

In the article, the main consumer of the compilation in the basis of Plumsch’s phrasebook – «the soldier of the nation» is evaluated as a model personality in the Nazi militaristic discourse of the institutional type. The prototype for the Plumsch dictionary was a travel phrasebook. Against the background of creating a positive image of the  soldier of the eastern front», Plumsch’s phrasebook reveals the communicative technologies of  hiding» verbal aggression and domination of Wehrmacht’s military personnel who often served as guards for forced labor.

The long-term, poor-quality compilation of the Plumsсh short dictionary, where the Russian language is represented indirectly, marks the invasion of military discourse in everyday / tourist discourse at the beginning of the war against the Soviet Union in a situation where Nazi military doctrine and practice were oriented towards a fast, victorious and economically convertible  Blitzkrieg».

This paper is about the multilingualism and different types of multilingual speech in conversations of a group of Mennonites who live in the colony Fernheim in Paraguay (South America). These Mennonites are in contact with different languages and its varieties: They speak standard German in public domains, for example at church or at school, Mennonite Low German in private situations, for example with friends or at home, and Spanish with the Paraguayan population. The focus of this study lies on analyzing the distribution of the languages and varieties based on Joshua Fishmans (1967) concept of Diglossia. In a second step, the author examine code-switching, borrowings and transfers as a result of several languages and varieties being in contact. The phenomena are described on the base of a big corpus of spoken language which has been took during a field research stay in Paraguay.

Key words: multilingualism, code-switching, transfer, borrowing, Mennonites, conversational analysis, Diglossia, Mennonite Low German, spoken language

The present article is devoted to the problem of representing food in the British and Russian media discourses. The author analyzes social and linguistic factors of food representation in the media discourse, in particular, the ideas and social factors that influence the journalists as well as peculiarities of the linguistic forms of food representation. Particular attention is paid to the cognitive aspects: the author analyzes realization of a specific cognitive model within the media text. The author also studies the cognitive model components, which are foregrounded in the media texts, and the linguistic means used for this purpose. The reasons for this process are also investigated. The connection between cognitive model realization and the journalist’s pragmatic goal is also studied in the paper. The author comes to a conclusion that a new cognitive model is formed and fixed in the recipient’s mind, because its components contain information confirmed by data in the media text. The new model can be fixed only if a journalist manages to persuade the recipient using the factual data. We suppose that introduction and placement of a new cognitive model into the recipient’s mind results in changing his/her attitude towards British food. This can be viewed as a change in social reality, i.e. construction of new social reality, because the recipient in this case acquires a new feature – new attitude towards British food that affects his/her actions in real life. The author comes to a conclusion that the process of food representation in the British media discourse is determined by the aim of constructing a specific identity of the British nation, which differs from the identity that has existed before. The author also analyzes the process of constructing a new cognitive model within the Russian media discourse; this model is aimed at assessing the current market trends and economic and social situation in Russia.