Vol 28, No 2 (2022)

The article attempts to identify the main trends in modern domestic and foreign historiography in the study of noble corporations in Russia. The relevance of the study is due to both the increase in the interest of scientific community in this topic, and the revival of noble communities in the post-Soviet space. The main directions and methodology of researches are revealed, their grouping according to the problematic and chronological principle is carried out. It is noted that traditionally, researchers pay attention to the problems of interaction between noble societies and state institutions, socio-economic status and socio-political activities of both individual representatives of the corporation and regional noble societies. The main trend in the study of this topic is the predominance of regional studies. An analysis of new trends in the study of problems is given. It is noted that at the present stage in domestic and foreign historiography, a discussion continues about the time and nature of the emergence of noble corporations. A tendency to increase the number of studies in which attention is paid to the analysis of the composition of corporate employees is revealed, while it is noted that this area is poorly studied. Studies of public organizations created in the 1990-ies are aimed at identifying common features and specifics in comparison with pre-revolutionary institutions, assessing their activities in modern realities. The prospects for research of a complex nature, historical and legal, genealogical, microhistorical aspects of the problem are shown. Further study of the corps of servants of noble societies will allow not only to take a fresh look at the functioning of noble societies, but also to form a biographical narrative, which will facilitate the search for their ancestors. Of no small importance will be studies affecting the noble associations formed after the revolution of 1917.

The article analyzes the language of petty-bourgeois appeals to power as a semiotic problem. The cultural-semiotic approach to the problem of philistine linguistic picture of the world involves an appeal to the inner point of view of the philistines themselves. In order to analyze the picture of the world of a philistine reflected in his letter to the authorities, it is necessary to take into account many factors related to the level of education of the urban philistine environment, the upbringing adopted in philistine families, the reading circle, the possibility of obtaining information about the so-called «high culture», to which representatives of the upper class had access. In this regard, another semiotic factor plays a significant role: fashion. Fashion is like a stone thrown into water. Someone is creating a fashion sign. And it is picked up and spread in society. Romanticism, as a historical and artistic style, influenced not only the texts of behavior of the highest Russian privileged class. The nobles were not in an isolated position from the rest of society. Their life also took place in Russian cities. The emotionality of the romantic era gradually, like circles on the water, became fashionable for the townspeople. Their cruel romance, becoming a kind of text of behavior, gradually covered the epistolary culture, traces of which are very difficult to detect in the sources of personal origin traditional for the historian, but can be caught in appeals to the authorities. The article analyzes the culture of these appeals, gestures of politeness, a certain strain and attempts to erase hierarchical boundaries. The author comes to the conclusion about the semiosphere of the city, which was in the general binary opposition of the Russian culture of the XIX century: between good and evil, between power and society.

The article attempts to characterize the results of the struggle between the supporters of universalism and specialization in the field of higher medical education in the post-war period, based on the analysis of sources and literature. It is concluded that in 1945–1955 the trend towards specialization was more influential. The main forms of specialization characteristic of this period are singled out – subordination, for the passage of which the sixth year of medical and preventive faculties was assigned, and specialized faculties. The most important factors that influenced both the process of strengthening specialization as a whole and its individual forms are identified. In particular, the relationship between the reform of E.I. Smirnov and the introduction of subordination, as well as strengthening the advisory and medical work of employees of medical universities. It is concluded that the formation of military medical and sanitary-prophylactic faculties in the post-war decade was the result of a correspondingly tense international situation and government changes in the field of control over compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards. In addition, the article touches upon issues related to the curtailment of the course towards specialization in the mid-1950-ies. The problem of the relationship between the discussion about the industrial and territorial organization of health care, on the one hand, and the opposition of tendencies towards universalism and specialization, on the other hand, is analyzed. A hypothesis has been put forward, according to which the reorganization of the public health system in accordance with the ideas of the supporters of the industrial approach contributed to the strengthening of specialization in the field of medical education. The changes that have taken place in this period in the higher medical school are considered on the example of the development of the Kuibyshev State Medical Institute.

The relevance of this topic is that on the basis of a wide range of archival sources, the work of a special commission under the leadership of D.T. Shepilov, which was created by the decision of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU at the end of 1955, is being considered. The Commission organized a competition to create a new national anthem and selected text works among a large number of participants who submitted more than fifty works. Textual analysis was used to study this topic, which allowed not only to identify the semantic meanings of the content of the work laid down by the author, but also to identify and see the differences in the stylistics of the works of the competition. A comparative research method was also used when comparing both the content of the texts of the works and when comparing with the text of the official anthem of the USSR of the 1943/44 model. A problem-chronological approach was also applied when considering the stages of the work of a special competition commission. The competition to create a new anthem took place in several stages. The texts of the songwriters selected at the first stage were refined by the second stage to better match the new goals and tasks facing the country. The texts of the winners of the second stage were also not final and could be subject to content adjustments in the future. This allows us to conclude that there were apparently no clear parameters for the content of the texts or were corrected during the work of the entire commission. Participation in this competition was not based on the altruistic principles of poets and musicians, but assumed a good financial incentive to the participants and winners of the competition. The texts of the winners differed in their structure and content both among themselves and from the official anthem of the USSR of the 1943/44 model.

The given article reports on a study of the peculiarities of interdisciplinary borrowing as a source of the Anglo-American education terminology enrichment. Special focus is given to the terms built as a result of interdisciplinary borrowing that contain the cultural component of meaning in their semantic structure, since the given study was carried out in the framework of the concept of the cultural component of term meaning developed by V.A. Ikonnikova. Despite the fact that the most productive way of building education terms is syntactic, semantic term-formation is of great interest while studying terms in the socio-cultural aspect. This is due to necessity of using historical, etymological and cultural data for their analysis. In the paper the peculiarities of interdisciplinary borrowing as a source of education terminology replenishment is considered on the basis of the terminological units with the cultural component of meaning belonging to the British and US education terminological systems. Dictionary entry analysis and historical and etymological analysis of borrowed terminological units with the cultural component of meaning belonging to the terminological systems mentioned above let us make a conclusion that such units were borrowed from terminologies of the following fields: law, religion, public administration, business, geography, psychology etc. The proposed framework may be useful for studying and teaching sociocultural linguistics, linguistic and cultural studies, cross-cultural communication. The research findings may contribute to compiling special dictionaries of education terms.

Manipulation is inherently incentive, aimed at exerting covert influence and inducing the recipient to the actions necessary for the manipulator. Such control is, first of all, the control of the mind, i.e. the beliefs of the recipients, and indirect control of their actions, with their beliefs being manipulated. This paper explores pragmatics of manipulative techniques in English literary discourse. Manipulation happens in implicit communication. Reading between the lines and explicating the implications of a text has become a primary focus in literary analysis. The analysis of linguistic material is carried out by means of discourse approach and pragmalinguistic method of research. The relevance of this study is determined by the need to cover all forms of interpersonal manipulation in fictional dialogue: deception, pressuring, and exploiting emotional vulnerability or character defects. The analysis showed that exploiting emotional vulnerability occurs much more frequently in fictional dialogue than other forms of manipulation. The investigation has focused on manipulative techniques as closely related to narrative irony. In a short story or a novel, narrative irony serves as scaffolding for using manipulation, viz. for creating the situation favourable for accomplishing the manipulator’s scheme.

In the article linguistic pragmatic factors of speech impact in texts of various genres are considered. Pragmatics is closely connected with semiotics, the sign theory, the theory of speech acts. In modern linguistic pragmatic research, the subject of speech, i.e. the speaker with his own communicative attitude and intentions, is put forward. The author of the article sets the objective of defining the methods of adequate pragmatic analysis of an oral and written text of various styles, the author also underlines the fact that information relevant from the point of view of pragmatics may be conveyed by various means, both linguistic and non-linguistic ones, such as the structure of the text of online format. Functional and systematic approach has been used in the study of language means of impact on the information recipient. Traditional division of semiotics into semantics, syntaxand pragmatics may be applied in modern linguistic research. In the article syntactic transpositions of parts of a sentence, which are regularly used in speech, as well as the semantic structure of lexical units of various stylistic reference, are considered. The importance of the context, both syntactic and lexical one, in realization of the word meaning (and consequently of its interpretation by the addressee) is pointed out in practical linguistic research.

This article explores the special role played by punctuation for the expression of emotivity in modern biographical prose. Emphasizing the importance of punctuation means, the article touches upon the currently relevant problem of analyzing emotive techniques in the literary text. In this paper, the authors briefly highlight a number of approaches to the definition of the concepts of «emotionality» and «emotivity», then consider modern classifications of punctuation means of expressing emotions in a literary text. The main task of the research is to identify the most significant means of conveying the emotional state of the characters of the biography novel at the punctuation level and compare them with the translation of the work into Russian. The research attempts to compare the use of punctuation means of the English and Russian versions of novels using comparative and descriptive methods, to identify common features and differences in the transmission of emotivity. As for the preliminary results of the study, the authors of the article note a number of cases when a writer goes beyond conventional punctuation to create emotive content. The general conclusion consists in the presence of synergy between the punctuation design of the novel, lexical and semantic means that occasionally perform its functions in translation, and the final emotive component, equally powerful in English and Russian.

The article is devoted to the study of specific lexical representations of psychotypes in the framework of a work of art. The relevance of this article is that linguists are concerned with studies in the field of functional linguistics and psycholinguistics, in which language is considered within the framework of an instrumental function. The aim of the work is to identify specific tokens that reflect the psychotypes of the characters. The material for the study is the lexemes from «Lord of the Flies» by William Golding. The meanings of selected language units convey the personal touch of Ralph’s and Jack’s nature. The study used contextual description and structural and semantic approach. The article describes their behavior and speech from the perspective of psychology and psycholinguistics. Ralph is a hypertim and Jack is an epileptoid. The contrast of the boys’ behavior indicates that the hypertim and epileptoid are not able to find a common language in the distribution of social roles. The characteristics of the psychotypes have an impact on the management of the group. Ralph manages the group in the following ways: relying on humanism, mutual understanding; he jokes to defuse the situation; he encourages the guys to save them from the outside, and tries to awaken the humaneness in the guys. Jack uses the following means of controlling the group: authoritarianism, mental intimidation, physical violence. Authoritarianism is expressed through the use of the imperative. Mental intimidation is achieved by using lexemes that reflect physical influences, insults. In addition, mental bullying occurs through body language (piercing gaze, looking down). In conclusion, the author comes to the following conclusion: psychotypes are transmitted mainly through lexemes that reflect body language; hypertim is reflected through language units with positive or neutral connotations, while epileptoid is expressed through language units with negative and neutral connotations.

Modernization of education and its acquisition of a value-oriented foundation of the state policy of Russia assumes that the basis of pedagogical activity at the university is the creation of conditions for the self-development of a young person, his understanding of the role and personal participation in the development of the economy of the state. Currently, there is a problem of inclusion and involvement of the student in learning, which directly affects the formation of his active position in life and development prospects. One of the solutions may be the formation of a student’s subjective position in the process of learning and upbringing. In the article, the author defines subjectivity as an integrative property of personality, the system-forming components of which (motivational, cognitive and activity) reflect the orientation of the individual to understand the personal educational result. Based on the proposed structure, the stages of the formation of the student’s subjective position are considered. Each stage contributes to the formation of a certain type of universal educational actions, as a result of which there is a gradual increment of subjectivity. As a result, the student has an understanding of his own learning result, which contributes to the formation of specified competencies within the framework of external educational goals.

Current socio-cultural situation requires the teacher to understand the general strategy of the digital transformation of education, knowledge of the regulatory framework regulating it, the specifics of conditions for the implementation of pedagogical process in the digital environment, and the readiness to integrate digital technologies into pedagogical activities. Using the potential of the digital educational environment requires solving the problem of forming the digital competence of an informatics teacher. The authors use the ideas of competency-based and activity-based approaches in selecting the content of advanced training programs for computer science teachers. The authors use the principles of a systematic approach in determining the structure of digital competence. The authors describe scenarios of interaction between a teacher and students in a digital educational environment. The authors conclude that it is necessary to additionally prepare the teacher to create high-quality digital educational content, manage the cognitive activity of schoolchildren when teaching using digital learning environments; create a comfortable and safe educational space, and productive communication. The programs are united by a logical line of content in the formation of digital competencies from their application in everyday activities to creative use in pedagogical activities.

The article discusses the components of the effectiveness of training future officers. Modern military-political, socio-economic relations, scientific and technological progress determine the improvement of the quality of training of specialists in all spheres of professional activity, including the military one. An important aspect is the preparation of future officers to work with military personnel serving under contract, as well as the clarification of its criteria and levels. The analysis of the preparation for work with military personnel serving under the contract allowed us to determine its levels from the standpoint of three criteria: cognitive, motivational, activity. The results of studying the levels of training of cadets of military institutes to work with military personnel serving under a contract are presented.

The monograph by American researcher Lonny Harrison tells about the «language» and metaphors of the Russian revolution. In general, the book is rather a detailed essay on the history of Russian literature of the XVIII–XX centuries, actually metaphors and «language» are not given as much attention as we would like. Nevertheless, the author has written a complete study revealing to the foreign reader various little-known stories from the life and work of Russian writers of the pre-revolutionary and Soviet eras.