Vol 24, No 1 (2018)
- Year: 2018
- Articles: 26
- URL: https://journals.ssau.ru/hpp/issue/view/294
Full Issue
TANK CONSTRUCTION AND «SABOTEURS»: ATTEMPTS TO CREATE IN THE USSR SOVIET TANK PRODUCTION IN THE LATE 1920-IES
Abstract
In the article the analysis of the process of formation of a domestic tank industry and the fight against «sabotage» in the late 1920s-ies is carried out. Soviet industry was trying to establish the production of tanks in military factories in Leningrad, Stalingrad, Motovilikha and Kharkov. But all attempts to establish their own tank production were not wealthy. It forced to buy foreign equipment. In late 1929, the USSR began to buy foreign tanks to create its own serial production. The government was looking for reasons for the failure of the Red Army rearmament program. There is a criminal case where the main defendants were «a group of former generals and colonels of the tsarist army» headed by assistant chief of the main military-industrial management USSR Mikhailov. In total, the case was more than 90 people, most of them were engineers. In 1929, Mikhailov and four people were sentenced to death, the rest received a prison sentence. The article shows that the development of criminal case and subsequent events changed the career of two leaders of the military industry of the Secular Union. Tolokontsev headed the military-industrial management until the completion of the investigation. Then he lost his job, but he wasn’t convicted. Pavlovski was a representative of the worker-peasant inspection, and an active participant in the criminal trial of engineers from the investigation. He subsequently took over the leadership of the entire Soviet military industry.
7-11
CHUVASH IN THE SETTLEMENT AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE SAMARA TRANSVOLGA REGION FROM THE END OF THE XVII CENTURY UNTIL THE BEGINNING OF 1760-IES
Abstract
The article is devoted to the participation of the Chuvash in the development of newly incorporated lands in the southeast of European Russia at the end of the 17th – 18th centuries. The share of the Chuvash settlers among all arrivals to these lands in separate periods of time is calculated. It was particularly noticeable and remained the largest among all ethnic groups at the very beginning of the Transvolga settlement. Areas of their exit are determined. The counties on the right bank of the Middle Volga region and in the Trans-Kama region which were the administrative parts of the Simbirsk, Samara, and Kazan districts became the most notable in terms of the number of settlers from them. The overwhelming majority of the Chuvash peasant migrants belonged to the category of state peasants. They were an important component of a stream of free colonization of the Russian outlying areas. Among the migrants from the state peasants, those who came to the new lands voluntarily prevailed. Among the serfs, resettled here by their owners, there were not Chuvashes. The participation of the Chuvash in the settlement of the Samara Region at the end of the XVII–XVIII centuries, as shown in the article, was of great importance for the fairly rapid and successful development of it at the initial stage. Their participation in many ways determined the ethnic and class composition of the inhabitants, the location and the infrastructure of settlements, created the prerequisites for the development of the resettlement movement in the subsequent time. Thanks to the agricultural settled settlement by the Chuvash people and the representatives of other peoples of Russia, during the development of the Forest-steppe and Steppe Transvolga region, in the 19th century it has become one of the leading agrarian regions of the country, actively included in the domestic and foreign markets.
12-17
«PREACHING BY TOLSTOY»: IMAGE OF L.N. TOLSTOY IN ART ENVIRONMENT OF HIS TIME (ON THE PROBLEM OF HISTORICAL MEMORY)
Abstract
The article deals with the image of Leo Tolstoy which was created in historical memory of Russian people. Not only the personality of the great Russian writer, but the memory about him which lives in the minds of art people and has been reflected in art, sculpture, connected with Leo Tolstoy and his creative work, polysemantics of different interpretations and completion of the image on behalf of readers and viewers is the subject of an analysis. The image of Tolstoy and his creative work is considered and the ways they reflect collective identity of society which changes in different historic epoch and its influence on it. Three artists of the era of Russian realism of the second half of the XIX century create portraits of the great writer, which became, in fact, his iconography: I.E. Repin, N.N. Ge and I.N. Kramskoy. Personality of L.N. Tolstoy appears in portraits not only as an outstanding contemporary of artists, but also as a quintessence of the aesthetic system of realism: «beautiful is life itself». Therefore, the image of L.N. Tolstoy is laid in the cultural memory also as part of the discourse of man of the age of realism. Artists who created the image of L.N. Tolstoy, thus, turned out to be the creators of the cultural hero, the visual symbol of national culture. But all three discussed artists appeared to be «captured» by their own «demons»: the understanding of the role and purpose of art and the influence on them of the doctrine by L.N. Tolstoy. As a result, the national hero is endowed with subjective traits of artistic reflection of the authors. And with these subjective features, he goes on a further «journey» through cultural memory, synthesizing the stereotypical and individual, thereby distancing the symbol from reality.
18-22
GOVERNORS AND NOBILITY AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY: COOPERATION AND CONFLICTS
Abstract
In the article contradictions between particularism of nobility on places and centralization aspirations of crown administration are considered. Ways of interaction of the governor with representatives of noble corporation come to light, the reasons of confrontation and negative estimates of identity of governors become clear. It is noted that despite pro-noble orientation and activity, the governor was often negatively estimated by the nobility as the representative of bureaucracy, the official alien to the interests of the province and corporation. It is shown that existence of dissociation between the power and society at the local level, distancing of the governor from local problems and conflicts with representatives of noble corporation promoted increase of estrangement and aggravated political situation in provinces. In this regard the nobility has acted as the opponent of the government project of provincial reform. For the characteristic of relationship of the power and society the structural functional analysis is used. In the article it is noted that events of the first Russian revolution became serious check on durability of the governor’s case, have shown the insufficient level of competence, organizing abilities and the authority of governors for the decision of political conflicts. The oppositional nature of I and II State Dumas has partially been connected with the fact that local authorities haven’t managed to realize government interests during the electoral companies. At the same time the motivation of actions of representatives of noble corporation believing that they have a priority in assessment of features of life of the Russian province comes to light. The comparative method has allowed to reveal general and special in estimates of representatives of the governor’s case. The case of historical sources is presented by memoirs of governors which analysis has allowed to explain administrative decisions of the author in difficult historical conditions. In the article scientific and significant tasks in which the specifics of relationship between representatives of the crown power – governors and bodies of noble class self-government – leaders of the nobility at the beginning of the XX century are considered are set and solved.
23-31
WAYS OF OVERCOMING NATIONAL CRISIS OF 1917 IN THE VOLGA REGION
Abstract
32-38
ON ACHIEVEMENTS AND PROBLEMS OF MODERN DOMESTIC HISTORIOGRAPHY OF PEASANT RELIANCE MOVEMENT IN RUSSIA IN THE YEARS OF THE CIVIL WAR
Abstract
The focus is research projects on the history of peasant movement in Russia during the Civil War of the Saratov historian A.V. Posadsky, who managed to combine historians from different regions to write three collective monographs on the subject.
The article describes the works of the project of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research «The Russian Peasantry in the Age of Revolutions and Civil War: Regional-National Aspect». They are prepared for publication by a team of regional historians under the leadership of V.A. Yurchenkova and V.V. Kondrashin. The author of the article concludes about the scientific significance of this project and the need for further study of the problem at the regional level.
Particular attention is paid in the article to the reflection in the publications of Russian historians of the terminology of peasant rebel movement during the Civil War. What was it: «The Great Peasant War», «peasant front», «peasant revolution»? Is it possible to use such definitions as «guerrilla movement», «partisan struggle» etc. during the analysis of the insurgent movement of peasants during this period?
The article analyzes the publications of contemporary Russian historians about the leaders of peasant rebel movement in Russia during the Civil War, points out the need for further study by researchers of such aspects of the problem as the influence on peasant uprisings of the party of Socialist-Revolutionaries and white regimes.
The author highlights the work of Russian researchers on the importance of natural and demographic factor in peasant performances in the Russian regions during the Civil War against the policy of Soviet government.
39-45
«POVILAITIS’ CASE» AND THE CRISIS OF THE SOVIET-LITHUANIAN RELATIONS IN MAY-JUNE, 1940
Abstract
In the spring of 1940 the possibility of transition of Lithuania to the German sphere of influence was considered by the Kremlin as real threat to the security of the Soviet Union. While Germany has been busy fighting in the West, this threat remained eventual; however rapid victory of Germany in May, 1940 has cardinally changed a situation. The situation was aggravated with the fact that in February, 1940 the director of VSD A. Povilaytis visited Berlin where he met the high-ranking employees of RSHA and upon the request of the president A. Smetona probed a question of possible establishment of the German protectorate over Lithuania. Thanks to the activity of the Soviet investigation intelligence on this visit became soon known to the Kremlin.
Under these circumstances Povilaytis’s figure gained huge political value. As the sondage of a possibility of establishment of the German protectorate was carried out through him, that was essentially important for Moscow to see Povilaytis behind the bars. This arrest would at the same time be both the true evidence of loyalty of the Lithuanian authorities, and the end of the cooperation between intelligence agencies of Germany and Lithuania. Due to this reason the Soviet side tried to obtain Povilaytis’s arrest with that much of an effort. However the Kremlin couldn’t show direct charges to Povilaytis in contacts with Germans, because it would mean the declassification of the most valuable agent of the Soviet intelligence.
46-53
JOB ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITY OF SPECIALISTS OF ELECTRICITY SUPPLY ON RAILWAY TRANSPORT
Abstract
The article presents the results of a pilot study of the professional profile of specialists in the field of power supply of railways; shows the importance of social and personal qualities for a professional activity (sensory-perceptual, psychomotor, mental); specifies the factors that affect the professional health of a specialist and the dynamics of his work capacity; the problem of formation of psychophysical reliability of specialists in the electric power supply industry on the railway transport is caused by the high level of industrial traumatism and violations of the production technology in transport, the sharp increase in professionally conditioned diseases among transport workers due to the complex impact of unfavorable factors of the production environment and the labor process. With the help of expert assessments are ranked by the level of importance of professionally important quality in three groups: senior executives; middle managers; technical workers. The necessity of general, static, strength endurance of the basic muscle groups, dexterity (coordination abilities), good sensorimotor reaction, high level of functional resistance of the organism to negative influences of the production environment is proved.
54-58
PECULIARITIES OF FOREIGN ELT COURSES USAGE IN THE PROCESS OF FILOLOGICAL STUDENTS COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE DEVELOPMENT
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to prove foreign ELT courses necessity in the process of communicative competence development, which is significant for integration of Russia into the global cultural and educational environment. On the basis of theoretical and methodological research works the author proves the effectiveness of foreign ELT courses usage in the foreign language teaching process as they motivate students to learn modern language, provide them with authentic texts on social topics of current interest while various communicative assignments (discussions, projects, dialogues) contribute to realizing of «language personality» role in the process of cross-cultural communication. The peculiarities of linguistic, sociolinguistic, strategy, discourse and sociocultural competences development on the basis of ELT course «Global» are considered; the advantages and disadvantages of ELT process on the basis of this course are revealed; suggestions on the improvement of communicative competence development are offered. The choice of up to date topics for studying and discussion; the structure of units based on juxtaposition, which develops critical thinking; various exercises and assignments directed to all kinds of communicative skills development; grammar sections logically included into the unit context; ELT teaching on the basis of sociocultural approach contributing to culture dialogue are considered to be the advantages of «Global» course. Special attention is paid to numerous listening comprehension and video assignments as they provide students with useful information, help them to understand native speakers, choose appropriate language means and use them properly in their own speech according to the communicative situation. The disadvantages are also singled out: insufficient number of grammar exercises for better skills development, necessity of translation assignments addition, lack of information about Russia, its reality, culture, traditions, customs, Russian mentality and therefore importance of including useful facts about Russia into the course which is necessary for successful cross-cultural communication.
59-63
PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS AND ISSUES OF CONSTRUCTION OF A SUCCESSFUL CAREER: POINTS OF CONTRACTION
Abstract
64-69
MODEL OF ADAPTIVE SYSTEM OF VOCATIONAL TRAINING FОR AGRO-ENGINEERS
Abstract
70-74
TRAINING AND COGNITIVE ACTIVITY OF STUDENTS OF HIGHER EDUCATION ON THE INTERNET MEDIUM
Abstract
The article presents an analysis of studies devoted to the study of the essence of the concept of «educational and cognitive activity» of students. The specifics of its organization in a specially created environment - on the Internet, as well as the similarity of the term with the term «educational activity», are noted, but they are not synonymous. It is suggested to consider educational and cognitive activity not only as a process of conscious, goal-oriented, self-directed activity of the student in solving educational and cognitive tasks, but also as the subject’s activity in certain conditions.
The article also analyzes the concepts of «reflection» and «self-esteem» as components of educational and cognitive activity of university students, and also determines the level of their formation among students as a result of their work with media resources within the framework of the training course «Psychology and Pedagogy.»
75-80
SOCIO-ECONOMICAL ASPECTS OF WOMEN’S ILLITERACY CAMPAIGN IN THE USSR IN THE 1920–1930
Abstract
81-87
ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONCEPT OF LATE F.M. DOSTOEVSKY AND THE NOVEL «THE BROTHERS KARAMAZOV» IN THE ESTIMATION OF N.O. LOSSKY (ON THE ISSUE OF THE ULTIMATE GOAL OF BEING)
Abstract
For the understanding of the concept and imagery of the novel «The Brothers Karamazov» the conclusions that are made on the basis of this ethical system N.O. Lossky are most important: the creature of such a demonic way in principle can’t exist because even it is created by the God the Creator, thereby his hatred to the God and all that is created must become hatred to itself as a part of the created. In all the created beings, the ultimate completeness of life is the ultimate ideal. The struggle against the Creator and the evil brought into the world as a result of this is only a consequence of pride. The one who enters this path is trapped in contradictions, which lead to disappointments and tragedies. Inevitably, the return to the path of good is even the most important carrier of evil, the philosopher concludes. In Christian ethics such complex of ideas is defined as apokatastasis. Hence follows the conclusion about the impossibility of ultimate accession of absolute evil.
The solution of the human problem not only in the real, but also in the metaphysical plan is determined through the figurative system of the novel. The writer’s conclusions are constructive. On this path the heroes of Dostoevsky achieve certain, albeit different, results. The possibility of victory along this path is confirmed by the example of the Holy men and Saints, to which N.O. Lossky refers.
88-92
«AUTOPOIESIS» AND COGNITION: ON THE PROBLEM OF CONSTRUCTION OF THE «NEW INTEGRITY»
Abstract
93-98
LIMINALITY EFFECT AND THE VERSE: ENERGY ACCUMULATION IN SUPER LONG, USUAL AND SUPER SHORT LINE (BASED ON POETRY MATERIAL OF V. LEKHTSIER AND V. MANGOLD)
Abstract
W. Mangold’s «pyramid poems» («Pyramiden») are of great interest in terms of liminality [Mangold, Hymne auf den Menschen]. Their literal meaning fades through crescent and/or decrescent phrases/words. Visually, the poem is shaped like a pyramid, and both explicit and implicit (phantom) parts of a word/phrase are in the liminality zone.
That is how the context of love is severed from the context of egoism through decrescent lines: having started with passionate confessions, only «I love» and, finally, «I» remains. Mangold’s «Pyramiden» are characterized by strong or slight paradoxes that create the liminality effect. In case the «pyramid» is first decrescent and then crescent, the liminality effect is created twice: at the apex of the pyramid and in the paradoxical part. Vitaly Lechtzier’s extralong stanza ranges from 12 to 42 syllables. The liminality effect emerges through repeating the left and right parts of the verse. This is where variations are formed.
Lechtzier’s message is overtly political, the author works with imperative forms and disavowed call for «open writing».
Vitaly Lechtzier’s extralong stanza with its anaphoras, imperative forms, syntactic parallelism, repetitions and escalation is similar to Valery Nugatov’s extralong stanza. This affinity did not emerge under direct mutual influence but probably rather through Allen Ginsberg’s poetry, who was of interest to both authors: Nugatov used to translate his poems, and Lechtzier mentioned being interested in Ginsberg’s works. Nugatov also mentioned Ginsberg in his own works. The syntactic construction in Ginsberg’s poems is based on the lyrical «self». The same is true for Nugatov’s poems, however, Lechtzier steps away from the «self» completely. Unlike Nugatov, in his opinion, Lechtzier does not resort to deconstruction in his poetry, but instead endeavors to «do positive work with other people’s words, create variations within them and make them sound like poerty». Nugatov’s works «sound like poetry» in part due to the deconstruction. It is enough to compare some extracts from these three authors’ works.
The study shows that in case of both extralong and extrashort stanza, repetitions help accumulate and redistribute creative energy, creating the liminality effect and liminality zones that increase the number of potential interpretations and contexts.
99-103
ACTUALIZED HISTORY IN THE WORK OF B.K. ZAYTSEV «Venerable SERGIUS of RADONEZH»
Abstract
104-108
BMW DRIVE AND ARD WATCH. EMANCIPATION APPEARANCE IN INITIAL SHORTWORDS
Abstract
Who knows offhand, that in German ARD stands for Arbeitsgemeinschaft der offentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland or BAfoG for Bundesausbildungs-forderungsgesetz? Word shortening is a very productive category of word formation and characteristic for professional jargon and both common and specific usage of speech in the 20th and 21st centuries. Reasons for the quantitative growth of the results of word shortening are first enlargement of words (e. g. compounds) with longer terms and their inefficient functions in the process of communicating. On a second step, these extended terms can be condensed into a new and shortened forms that carry the same meaning as the original forms and benefit some communicative advantages. Furthermore an increase of lexemes with an origin beside the modern German language (e. g. LASER, FAQ) can also be observed.
Short terms, acronyms and initialisms including features of language economy and intransparent morphological structure enable efficient communication and a creative use of language. They can also be used to express familiarity, special purposes and hints at implied social bonds among the people employing them. Because of the difficulties of outgroup members with decoding the semantic content or meaning of shortened forms, they also indicate group affiliation. Depending on the speaker‘s awareness and knowledge of speech, results of shortening processes can sometimes lose their link to the original and be gradually independent and unchangeable with their longer originals. Redundancies and repetitions of morphemes and constituents are common and popular implications.
With some kind of semantic excess or deficit the results of word shortening differ from their former longer terms. This article and its empirical analysis describes current developments of initialisms focusing on frequency in authentic texts and semantic differences between shortened and long terms. Based on a survey, this article shows how initialisms undergo a change of meaning when used in different contexts and modalities and describes causes and consequences.
109-118
CATEGORY OF ADDRESSING IN THE POLEMICAL DISCOURSE (ON THE BASIS OF THE GERMAN LANGUAGE MEDIA)
Abstract
The article is devoted to the study of the nature of addressing and internal dialogueness nature of polemical texts of the journal articles of the German media. The polemical discourse, considered in the article within the framework of the cognitive-discursive approach, is a multifaceted process of communication, including the text in indissoluble connection with the situational context: together with social and psychological factors, together with communicative-pragmatic and cognitive goals of the author interacting with the addressee. Directivity or addressing is one of the constituent properties of the polemical text. The article justifies the thesis that there is a definite relationship between the targeted orientation of the text and the choice of lexical and syntactic means when creating a message with the aim of better impact on the recipient. As part of the study significant features of the addressing signals, realizing the global polemical strategies of cooperation / confrontation, are revealed. The article analyzes the main linguistic means of expressing the relevance of the polemic strategy (personalization, citation, indirect appeals, rhetorical questions, precedent names); methods are being explored for establishing dialogical relations with the reader’s audience (the phatic tactic, the tactics of focusing the topic, invitations to joint reflection, generalizations). Means of addressing, implicitly or explicitly pointing to the addressee, constitute the category of addressing – a communicative category that performs the task of organizing communication.
119-124
SPECIFIC FEATURES OF SPORT EVENTS REPRESENTATION IN DISCOURSE: BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF ENGLISH FICTIONAL TEXTS
Abstract
125-130
KEY CHARACTER IMAGE INTRODUCTION MEANS IN R. DAHL’S CHILDREN’S LITERARY TALE «MATILDA»
Abstract
As the research shows, R. Dahl succeeds in giving a detailed portrait of the protagonist in the introductory passages of the tale, which is realized through the main aspects of the character portrayal. Thus, the reader is given information on Mathilda’s appearance, her age, but above these he learns about her intellectual abilities of high order as well as her passion for reading books. The writer depicts a true-to-life image of a lonely girl totally neglected by her parents. However in spite of the misunderstanding between Mathilda and the-grown-ups she turned out to be a unique and smart personality who does her best to realize her ambitions. Besides the above Roald Dahl creates the image of Mathilda as a well-bred, independent girl capable of expressing her own point of view which is revealed through her unwillingness to follow the imposed stereotypes of behavior. The writer skillfully employs the figure of antithesis as a key means of revealing his attitude towards the character. Alongside the above stylistic figure in depicting the most characteristic features of the girl Roald Dahl resorts to variegated epithets which add emotional colouring and vividness to the character portrayal. The research shows that all the mentioned traits of Mathilda’s individual, personality presented by the author in the first chapter are exposed further within the plot developing.
The authors of the present article come to the conclusion that the means of character introduction are the essential part of the overall character image portrayal as they give the reader a good chance to make out what kind of personality the depicted character is and to disclose the author’s individual attitude towards the character.
131-136
Prefixes with THE meaning «circle» in the Russian language
Abstract
137-141
THE USE OF ACTIVE AND INTERACTIVE TEACHING METHODS IN THE STUDY OF SCIENTIFIC STYLE OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE BY STUDENTS OF TECHNICAL SPECIALTIES AND TRAINING AREAS
Abstract
According to the author of the article, the study of the designated section of the discipline «The Russian Language and the Culture of Speech» should be based on such principles as practical orientation of teaching, encouragement of equal interaction between all participants in the educational process, and increased emotional involvement of students.
The paper considers the possibilities of using the following methods of active and interactive learning: solving problem problems, mutual learning, discussion, competition, role play, training; specific examples of their use are given. These methods are presented in accordance with the stages of mastering the educational material. So, the expediency of addressing to methods of problem training during initial acquaintance with the material is grounded. At the second stage – the stage of comprehension – it is important to introduce the elements of the game. At the stage of consolidation of the received knowledge, the methods of mutual learning are effective, the organization of competition in the performance of standard exercises, games. The article reflects the scenarios of games «Translation Bureau» and «Linguistic crocodile», which contribute to replenishment of the vocabulary of students with general scientific and terminological vocabulary and the derivation of this lexical layer from the passive vocabulary. At the stage of mastering the material for the application of the skills of a full critical analysis of the scientific text, it is recommended to organize role games, discussions, trainings (themes, ideas and scenarios are presented).
According to the author of the article, the described approach to the study of this section of stylistics is broader than the traditional one and corresponds to the current demands of the society for literate and promising young scientists.
142-148
METAPHORICAL IMAGE OF PLAY A musical instrument in THE LIGHT OF STRUCTURAL TYPOLOGY OF CONCEPTS
Abstract
149-153
Reviews
TRUE STORY OF «POOR, POOR» PAVEL
Abstract
154-155
REVIEW ON THE COLLECTION OF ARTICLES: TENTH ALL-RUSSIAN LOCAL HISTORY READINGS
Abstract
156-160