Vol 11, No 3 (2020)

Abstract: Despite the growing interest of modern scientists in the spatial approach in the regional economy, it has practically not been developed in relation to the small business sector. In a series of articles, the author described and justified the spatial potential of small enterprises as a modern tool for managing the regional economy, developed a theoretical method for its implementation. In this article, the procedures for the stage of strategic goal setting are implemented. On the basis of content analysis, the author studied and systematized priorities of spatial development of small enterprises in federal, regional and municipal documents of a strategic nature, which are classified as documents of strategic goal setting, forecasts, spatial concepts, programs and projects. He determined the correspondence between the structure of the economic space and the levels of economic management. Carried out an assessment of differentiation of development measures at the regional and municipal structural levels of the economic space, on its basis, gave a characteristic of the development policy of small enterprises implemented in the Samara Region. Strategic documents at the federal, regional, and municipal levels, as well as regional legislation and programs, are used as information sources. The results of the study – identified and justified priorities for the spatial development of small enterprises - create a scientific basis for the development of practical recommendations to regional and municipal authorities in the spatial aspect, allowing for the «fine-tuning» of state and municipal development measures.

Abstract: Despite the growing interest of modern scientists in the spatial approach in the regional economy, it has practically not been developed in relation to the small business sector. In a series of articles, the author described and justified the spatial potential of small enterprises as a modern tool for managing the regional economy, developed a theoretical method for its implementation. In this article, the procedures for the stage of strategic goal setting are implemented. On the basis of content analysis, the author studied and systematized priorities of spatial development of small enterprises in federal, regional and municipal documents of a strategic nature, which are classified as documents of strategic goal setting, forecasts, spatial concepts, programs and projects. He determined the correspondence between the structure of the economic space and the levels of economic management. Carried out an assessment of differentiation of development measures at the regional and municipal structural levels of the economic space, on its basis, gave a characteristic of the development policy of small enterprises implemented in the Samara Region. Strategic documents at the federal, regional, and municipal levels, as well as regional legislation and programs, are used as information sources. The results of the study – identified and justified priorities for the spatial development of small enterprises - create a scientific basis for the development of practical recommendations to regional and municipal authorities in the spatial aspect, allowing for the «fine-tuning» of state and municipal development measures.

In the article the author views economic and managerial issues of development of innovative activities of industrial enterprises based on the implementation of economic processes of the National technological initiative; presents the parameters of NTI implementation; shows that the effectiveness of innovative development of industry determines the creation of future markets, allowing enterprises to shape the image of the future of industry, to carry out a continuous and complex innovation process, the production of innovations, their commercialization and market demand. The author substantiates the relevance of implementing the processes of innovative development of the industrial complex of the region on the basis of NTI, which consists in the fact that the creation of innovations and their commercialization allowed enterprises to have a leading position among similar manufacturers, creating products with a high level of knowledge intensity, thereby forming new technological markets. NTI stimulates the development of new markets, determining the forecast of economic development. Innovative development of the region's industrial complex on the basis of NTI involves the creation of an integration grouping of the industrial sector on the basis of the innovation ecosystem. The most significant result of the research is the development of a model and an algorithm for evaluating the innovative ecosystem of the industrial complex of the region based on NTI. The model reflects that the development of STI projects is carried out through the innovation support infrastructure. In order to implement innovative STI projects, a regional ecosystem of innovation support is being created on the basis of industrial clusters. The main importance in the ecosystem is the network connections of participants in innovative processes and their technological capabilities (points of technological growth). In the article it is shown that the strategy for implementing STI to create new markets and technologies is based on the innovative activity of industrial complexes. In the model of the proposed ecosystem of innovative support for the industrial complex of the region based on NTI, an algorithm for evaluating the effectiveness of its functioning has been developed.

The proposed article considers the need to recognize the economic utility and social value of human resources, the development of which requires investment in comparison with other types of economic resources. The urgency of solving the problem of functioning of higher education system is dictated by the need to apply new approaches to the management of an educational institution. Successful companies focus their efforts on creating and developing a management system for educational institutions designed to work effectively with intellectual resources that are becoming less used today. All these circumstances explain the emergence of a special interest of scientists and practitioners in the management of intellectual capital and the effectiveness of the knowledge process. In this regard, there is a need for constant updating and change, which means that knowledge is always innovative. At the same time, the most interesting are the ways of transforming universities into a new type of organization focused on meeting the needs of the market, making a profit, developing innovative technologies, supporting high-tech research projects and managing them. Close interaction of business corporations with the University community, forms a diversified financial base, develops contacts with business, society and the state, and encourages the widespread use of initiative and support for innovation in the scientific and educational environment. The new conceptual approach has enriched the practice with progressive methods and technologies for managing people in a complex innovative environment. The priorities were flexible forms of labor use, continuous improvement of the quality of human resources, new approaches to organizing and stimulating labor, and addressing cultural and ethical factors of labor productivity and quality of life. The main components of scientific novelty are the regulation and mutual influence of the functioning infrastructure and the applied methodology of higher education.

The article analyzes the dynamics of interregional differences in the border regions of Russia and Finland. Border regions have advantages related to their geographical location, which results in a wider range of foreign economic relations with other countries of the world community due to the transport accessibility of the territory. The aim of the research is to provide a better understanding of the geographical location of the area. The aim is to study the economic development of the neighbouring countries' border areas (the economies of Russia and Finland are covered in this article). The object of the research is the border regions of Russia and Finland, and the subject of the research is the level of interregional differentiation of these border areas. The study of interregional differences is carried out when applying the tools used in modeling σ and β-convergence based on the calculation of the coefficient of variation. The indicator for comparative analysis of interregional differentiation of border regions is the dynamics of GRP per capita. In the current study the indicators of regional development of different national economies are considered. Socio-economic indicators in statistical collections are presented in different units of measurement. In order to carry out a comparative analysis of the economic indicators under study, the indicators were compared to a single unit of account. The process of comparing economic indicators was carried out using the dynamics of changes in the average exchange rate of the euro to the ruble. The analysis of σ- and β-convergence carried out as a result of the study has determined different dynamics of regional development, which is characterized by a slow decrease in the interregional differentiation. As a result of this trend, we can talk about the process of convergence of levels of economic development of border regions in the long run.

Innovation processes are an integral part of modern economic system. They are observed at all levels of production. When analyzing possible measures to improve the efficiency of production of goods or services, the most promising ones were those that relate to the intensification of innovative processes in the organization's management due to their immateriality. In the article the authors highlight a number of historical aspects that affect the economic content of the elements of the production chain, briefly discuss the evolutionary stages of transition from mass production to quality, increasing the value of internal motivation in these processes.
The authors compared two models of behavior of economic entities: the neoclassical economic person and the innovator; and the conclusion was drawn about the advantages of choosing the latter. The authors explained the importance of innovative search, as well as its opportunities and prospects at the enterprise level, as well as at the industry and macro levels. The authors consider the factors of the external environment that influence the introduction of innovations in management, identifies and explains the endogenous factors that affect innovation processes, and draws conclusions about the need to form certain norms to stimulate innovative activities.

The article focuses on the study of the problems of assessing regional mortgage inequality in the Russian Federation. Based on an analysis of the experience of Russian and foreign economists and regionalists in the field of spatial inequality, possible approaches to assessing the disproportions in the regional mortgage market development are investigated. Calculations were carried out using the differentiation coefficient for extreme values of regions, fund coefficient for extreme groups of regions, log-normal distribution according to the 90/10 method, variation coefficient, Lorentz concentration coefficient and Gini index, Theil coefficient, as well as a differential indicator (author's development) of the development level of the housing mortgage lending system (HML) in the region and some other indicators. An economic interpretation of the calculation results is given. The significant variability of the various methods of estimation results is shown. On the basis of a comparative analysis of the approaches and their results, a substantiated method for assessing regional mortgage inequality was carried out. Statistical methods, including multivariate analysis, as well as expert assessment, were used as the methodological base of scientific research. The theoretical and practical significance of the study lies in substantiating the expediency of using the differential indicator proposed by the authors, characterizing the development level of the HML system in specific regions, to solve the problems of assessing the mortgage inequality of Russian subjects.

In this article, the author has modernized the organizational and economic mechanism of project management of innovation and investment activities of integrated industrial structures, which is focused on the innovation of budgeting and provides integration of the constituent elements: the hierarchy of management levels, functions of investment and innovation management processes, the subject structure and evaluation criteria based on a systematic approach. The main attention is paid to the formation of a model of information support for project management in a multi-level integrated structure based on the START-up-IP system using the ALTIUS – START software product. An algorithm for project management of innovation and investment activities of integrated industrial structures is proposed. The evaluation of the main performance indicators of the integrated industrial structure of SIBUR-Neftekhim as a result of the implementation of the proposed mechanism is given.

The labor market is an important indicator of economic development. The primary task of modern scientific research is to find a solution to the issues of development of social and economic well-being in a transformational economy, as the phase of changes and rethinking of experience affects almost all spheres of human activity. The attitude that one has towards their work is also being reconsidered. Human labour is being more and more replaced by machine labour, robotics is being introduced, different processes are automated, digitalized. All this reflected in the qualitative and semantic component of labour, which acquires the features of «liberated labour» from the «alienated labour», according to the theory of Karl Marx, where the boundaries between the worker and resting time are being erased. Nowadays the progress in the field of digital and computer technologies of the industrial sector is carried out at a high speed and leads to the inability of functioning by the old principles of «saving on creativity». Scientific novelty of the research work is presented in the theoretical formation of the category «liberated» labour. Thу author addresses the essential characteristics of the category of «liberated labour», analyzes the classification of labour as a category of economics, reveals the prospects for the development of the category of «alienated» and «liberated» labour, takes the gender specifics and modern realities of socio-economic transformations into the account; the author developed a set of theoretical provisions, methodological approaches and practical recommendations for the formation of an environment of «liberated labour». The theoretical and methodological issues of the intensifying usage of liberated labour are applying the effect of the entirety and are presented by supplementing in the field of terminological apparatus by the author's concept of «liberated labour». The contours of innovative reproduction are substantiated, they are proposed to be formed on the basis of the creation of institutions for the regulation and standardization of work of a new generation, the opening of researching laboratories that study labour activity.

Creating a promising aircraft is an important area of state policy. Making the right decision to create a promising aircraft technology contributes to the economic assessment of the development efficiency. The subject of economic assessment is the updating of resources allocated for the development of the aircraft. An important component of ensuring high reliability of evaluating the effectiveness of the development of a promising aircraft is the methodology of its implementation. The methodology of economic assessment is aimed at determining economic indicators. The authors present the procedure for using the probability of economic success indicator in the economic assessment of the effectiveness of developing a promising aircraft when determining the feasibility of adopting a draft tactical and technical task for the development of an aircraft. To improve the accuracy of the economic assessment, it is proposed to use the standard error of alternative methods for calculating the cost of performing activities at the stages of the aircraft life cycle. The authors tested the proposed method on the example of a promising auxiliary power plant of a military transport aircraft. It is advisable to evaluate the cost of developing a promising auxiliary installation of a military transport aircraft based on the complexity of the development, determined depending on its basic complexity and cost. The authors tested the proposed method on the example of a promising auxiliary power plant of a military transport aircraft. The proposed method is applicable for calculating costs for other types of equipment at all stages of its life cycle.

Statistical analysis of sample data is an effective tool for researching trends in economic processes and their critical conditions. The techniques in statistical analysis that are widely used in practice are based on the assumption that the sample data being considered follows a normal distribution. In the article the author reveals that the application of the popular K. Pearson criterion of agreement in such problems to confirm normality distributions of sample data can lead to false conclusions, in cases where the original general population is distributed according to the normal law, and the criterion indicates a low probability of implementing the normality hypothesis. The author proposes a numerical procedure for studying the nuances of identifying the normality in sample data; it uses a novel technique that is based on reference statistical series which correspond to samples of a certain size with the given, fixed estimates of the expected value and standard deviation. The author presents a numerical modeling method and the results of studying the characteristics of sample data that affect the errors in the identification of the normality of the sampled populations. The performed numerical experiments allowed us to obtain statistical data for investigating the reliability of the identification of the sampled distributions. The author presented recommendations that can help to avoid errors in identifying normality.

The growth and reduction of cycle times is a characteristic feature of modern economy. Increasingly, cyclical factor is cause of imbalance and violation of global and national economies stability. However, the question of regional industry cycles asynchrony has not been studied. It was previously believed that the regional industry cycle, its stages of growth and decline, is consistent with the national one. The work shows that it is precisely the asynchrony of regional industrial cycles that underlies imbalance and reduces stability of country's economic development. The study presented by the authors expands boundaries of understanding the laws of recessions and upswings in industry cycles, since it reveals the causes and consequences of asynchronism of industry cycles in Russian regions. Terminologically, the regional sectoral cycle should be interpreted as a dynamic process of fluctuations in economic activity within life cycle of industry, characterized by repeatability of successive stages of decline and rise in the region's industry. The authors developed a classification of main parameters of regional industry cycle according to their cyclic properties, including leading, lagging and coinciding indicators of the cycle dynamics. A generalization of scientific and methodological approaches to industry cycles as a risk factor for sustainable and balanced development of regions is presented. The causes and consequences of regional sectoral cycles for the sustainability of regional economy are determined. The measures proposed for regional authorities to prevent the negative consequences of phase shift of sectoral regional cycle will be of practical importance.