Vestnik of Samara University. History, pedagogics, philology

The article attempts to consider the position of the Persian Safavid state on the question of using the territory of the Muscovy empire for the development of the European-Asian relations in the period of the XVI–XVII centuries with the use of the method of diachronic analysis and historical periodization. The aforementioned problem is studied as a separate aspect of scientific topics related to the place of the then Russia in the process of the European expansion into the countries of the East. The object of the analysis is the practical activities of the Persian administrations, which had both a direct and indirect relationship to the conventional topic of «Russian transit». Nowadays the experience of the comprehensive and conceptual study of this issue is absent not only in the domestic, but also in the foreign historical science. The specific subject of the study is related to the repeated promises of official Iran to transfer control over the largest centers of the historical region of Shirvan to the Russian tsars. The source base for this work was an array of diplomatic documents on the history of Russian-Persian interstate relations of the XVI–XVII centuries. These materials, in particular, reflected Moscow’s reaction to the Safavid proposals for territorial concessions. The scientific works of Russian-speaking and foreign specialists, including the largest representatives of classical and modern historical Iranian studies, were also used. The analysis made it possible to fit the diplomatic issue about the fate of the Shirvan cities into the context of the general problem of «Russian transit». It is hypothesized that the Persian government deliberately initiated this discussion taking into account the economic potential of the Volga-Caspian trade route. It is concluded that if the appropriate agreements between the two states were reached, the Russian empire could in the future produce a certain revolution in the intercontinental trade, especially in the silk market.

In the Russian Empire, the problem of the «Jewish question» existed for a long time. The prevailing theory was about the «badness» of the Jewish people, their deceit, maliciousness and other negative qualities. Since 1880, anti-Semitism has gradually increased. At first it was fueled by the bureaucracy, then it was joined by the local bourgeoisie, and then by its minions, the marginal strata of the cities. Accordingly, after the liberal policies of Alexander II, an attack on the rights of Jews began. Updated anti-Semitic legislation was adopted, and old ones were updated. Hundreds of petty restrictions bound the Jews and hindered their development. Jews began to have a keen sense of their national identity, emigrated, joined socialist parties, corrupted officials, etc. The liberal public was dissatisfied with this government policy. In the public press, in meetings of government bodies, and in correspondence, conservative liberals energetically argued the absurdity of anti-Semitism, the injustice of claims against Jews, and demanded the liberation of the Jews. Accordingly, the subject of our research is the activities of liberal jurists (legalists) of the Russian Empire for the emancipation of Jews. We chose a problem-chronological approach as the main method. By highlighting the «Jewish problem», we trace the chronology of fluctuations in state policy on the Jewish issue and highlight the forms of struggle of legalists for the rights of Jews. This is the first time such a reconstruction has been carried out regarding the legalist movement and contributes to historical knowledge. A number of conclusions can be tentatively formulated. Through the press, liberals created a negative image of anti-Semitic policies. Sitting in meetings and commissions, they prevented the expansion of negative legislation. In the Senate, legalists defended the rights of Jews.

The article considers Kuibyshev city (Samara nowadays) in the wartime (1941–1943), the features of its life activity and development. The solving of the large-scale tasks raised in connection with the unprecedented evacuation of the government departments, diplomatic body, people’s commissariats, factories and population to the city deeply changed the city life. Kuibyshev was the regionally governed city, but it performed many specific functions typical for the soviet capital city of Moscow. The circumstance gave occasion to call the city of Kuibyshev unofficially «alternate capital». The research task is to analyze the various aspects of the Kuibyshev city life in the wartime: to show the different interpretations of its status perception by the historians in 1941–1943; to specify the data concerning the specified All-Union people’s commissariats being on evacuation in the city of Kuibyshev and its quantitative composition; to raise the question of the final date of the acceptance of the «special objects» No. 1 (Stalin’s bunker) and No. 2 (for General Staff of the Red Army) of the Building of Metrostroi (Soviet subway construction company); to qualify the questions about the zoning of the city in the wartime; to cite new data about Bezymyanka district of the prewar time using comparative-historical, analytical and retrospective methods. The article introduces a new document material of the central archives of the Russian Federation into scientific discourse. It is proved that Kuibyshev was neither «alternate» nor «military» capital. It tasted the peak of its «capital city status» during 2–3 months while solving many issues of the All-Union scale and performing capital functions. The conclusion that the acceptance of the city services in the analyzed period was the rating of the city of Kuibyshev to the cities of republican subordination on 21^st August 1943 is drawn.

The article presents the experience of organizing Masters’ research activities in the field «psychological and pedagogical education» at the Samara National Research University. Gradually, students are involved in activities to obtain scientific knowledge from texts of various types in scientific work; comprehend the subject of scientific work, the subject of scientific activity and the levels of pedagogical research. Attention is drawn to the conditions for obtaining reliable scientific knowledge in the course of scientific research: methodological competence and methodological literacy of the Master. As a methodological support for the process of mastering the methodology of scientific activity in the field of pedagogical science, the content of educational disciplines is presented in the form of a set of tools, tasks on practical methodology.

The article is devoted to the study of pedagogical support for training cadets of higher education institutions of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defence using inductive and deductive methods, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters for activities in extreme situations, the main concepts of training cadets for work in extreme conditions, as well as the tasks facing the teaching staff are considered. The conceptual apparatus of pedagogical support for training cadets for activities in extreme situations is considered. Based on the analysis of scientific works on this topic, a number of aspects and trailers are identified that represent the basis for effective training of cadets to solve professional problems. Particular attention is paid to the formation of necessary skills, stress resistance, decision-making in dangerous conditions and the development of significant qualities.

Russian education system is currently undergoing a phase of advancement that is associated with distinctive features of post-industrial society, the main characteristic of which is informatization and digitalization of economy. The efficiency of business processes and the validity (legitimacy) of enterprises and organizations are directly correlated with their digital transformation. These global trends cannot be ignored by these educational organizations. The most untouched issue concerns the creation of digital services for facilitating interaction between educational institutions and the labor market. The purpose of research: development and implementation of the Digital Transformation Strategy of the Centre for Advanced Professional Training (CAPT) of Kuzbass. The leading methods of research include general scientific methods, methods of systematicity and analysis of scientific and methodological literature and regulatory and legal documentation, as well as empirical methods (in the collection, accumulation and recording of data), and rational method (in the interpretation of research data). The article presents the principles and mechanisms of the digital platform interaction with the external environment are described. The author examines the internal conditions for digital services transformation. The necessity of creating and utilizing a digital replica of the HR service of enterprise on the digital platform is substantiated. The presented approaches pertain to the implementation of the Strategy for the development of digital resources of the Centre for Advanced Professional Training of Kuzbass, along with the development of a digital platform with an enhanced version, which is focused on more effective interaction of labour market agents in the region, contribute to the resolution of the most pressing issues of socio-economic development of the region. These techniques can also be applied to employment assistance services and career centers of educational organizations for secondary vocational and higher education.

The article is devoted to the consideration of the script in the modern history of the German literary language, associated with the design of its normative graphics (graphemics), in particular the «font dispute: antiqua vs gothic» in the first half of the 20th century. For a significant period of historical development, the German literary language is marked by «cognitive dissonance» caused in the linguistic consciousness of its speakers by the collision of «conflicting» variants of Latin characters. The parallel use of various graphic variants of writing (diglyph), especially at the stage of the modern history of the German language, is marked by the influence of various extra-linguistic factors (ideology, confessional, cultural differences, national and state policies, etc.). A pressing issue is the consideration of the radical and controversial language policy in the totalitarian Third Reich in 1933–1945. Declaring Fraktur as a «national script», a symbol of identity and the embodiment of basic doctrines (unity of the nation and German-speaking ethnic groups, anti-Semitism, «struggle for culture», the idea of superiority), the National Socialists in 1941, at the stage of reorienting their policy towards «Eurocentrism», declared it replacement of the previously rejected antiqua as «normative German writing». The article provides a critical stage-by-stage analysis of the scenarios of the language policy of National Socialism in the «dispute about graphics», attempts to use a «compromise font» (Futura). Ideologemes associated with this practice are analyzed as lexical markers (Sprachregelung, Kulturkampf, Schrifttum, Judenlettern, deutsche Volksschrift/Normalschrift, etc.). The result of the study was the construction of a model of «font strategy» as a special linguistic-semiotic phenomenon of the language policy of the Third Reich. The conclusions note a peculiar reflection of the «font dispute» in different types of texts of 1933–1945 and in the military discourse of the Third Reich.

The article is about identifying functional aspects of 1^st-person statements with the explicit mode of ignorance (messages like I do not know… / We don’t know… I don’t know / We don’t know ...) in scientific discussions as a genre of scientific discourse. The relevance of the analysis is predetermined by the necessity to study various parameters of discourse (including both epistemic and pragmatic) as closely connected. The main research method is contextual and pragmalinguistic analysis. The sources of the material are transcripts of modern English and Russian scientific discussions in various fields of knowledge. The article identifies the illocutionary properties of ignorant statements, establishes their pragmatic functions, as well as determines their position in the traditional classification of speech acts. Taking into account the illocutionary orientation of references to ignorance makes it possible to identify representative, interrogative, axiological varieties of ignorance messages as well as their subtypes differentiated on the basis of the degree of their expressiveness, their vector of evaluation, the nature of the representative and interrogative role of speech acts with the mode of ignorance: fully expressive and conditionally expressive, positive and negative, preventive and hesitative, etc. The criterion “pragmatic functions” helps us specify additional functions of references to ignorance in scientific dialogue: to indicate a certain degree of the speaker’s epistemic responsibility for their words, to serve as a means of avoiding the answer, a way to prevent criticism, etc. Moreover, the work identifies factors determining the illocutionary nature of ignorance speech acts: the surface structure of the message, the general context of utterance, the position of the ignorance message in the dialogical unity, sincerity and felicity conditions of speech acts formulated as ignorance messages. References to ignorance are concluded to be quite a significant phenomenon in the structure of scientific dialogue, since they perform a number of important functions in it. The analysis scheme can be used to study statements with other explicit modes (knowledge, opinions, etc.) in various types of discourse.

The article examines the peculiarities of objectification of the universal opposition «man – woman» in the German language based on lexicographic sources from different chronological periods. German language is interesting for studying this opposition because of its expanded nature, which is particularly evident within the «woman» component: «Mann – Frau / Weib». The analysis of interpretations of the concepts «man» and «woman» in German dictionaries reveals the processes of gender stereotyping reflected in them during different periods of language development. This allows us to understand the development of ideas about these concepts in a specific linguistic culture. The leading characteristics of men and women, as reflected in the semantics of key lexemes such as Mann, Frau and Weib, as well as adjectives derived from these words, are determined. Their cultural and historical context is explored. It is found that during the XVIII and XIX centuries, the concepts of «man» and «woman» consistently reflected the processes of gender stereotyping. However, gender stereotypes regarding women were more varied and complex. Starting in the XX century and especially in the XXI century, stereotypes have been presented to a lesser degree, with a noted neutralization of social oppositions within the considered opposition. It is observed that the opposition between man and woman in German initially had a dual nature, both socially and naturally. It is concluded that at present, in lexicographic sources, naturally oriented traits are the leading features of objectification in the «man-woman» opposition. The issue of the level of accuracy with which different concepts are reflected in explanatory dictionaries of the German language has been identified.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the linguistic representation and functional features of the metaphorical complexes death and movement in the German-language novel discourse. The research was based on the novel «Tyll» (2017) written by the modern German writer D. Kehlmann. The novel tells about the character of German medieval legends Till Eulenspiegel portrayed as vagabond and artist, placed in the landscape of the Thirty Years’ War. The relevance of the research is due to the lack of systematic studies of the novel metaphor and its dominant role in the process of meaning generation in literary texts at the «new turn of the century». The author used an integral approach to the problem under study. The initial theoretical premise of the study is the recognition of the serious cognitive potential of metaphor, realized in the process of artistic cognition. As a result of the research, it was found that the metaphorical complex death is embodied by D. Kehlmann in the novel by sequence of figurative rows that create a metaphorical connection between the arrival of the harbinger of death Till Eulenspiegel and the onset of War. The author suggests considering the process of formation of the metaphorical complex movement in a series of text fragments created with the participation of verbs with semantics of movement, spatial prepositions and adverbs of repetition. Attempting to characterize the rhythmic specificity of the novel text under study, the author comes to the conclusion that the main method used by D. Kehlmann is justification of rhythmic expectation. The rhythm of the text is consistent with the conceptual dance of the main character through subjectively ranged gradation rows with an ascending increment of semantic and emotionally expressive significance, which determine the author’s modality. Metaphorical complexes death and movement have prognostic and compositional functions. The results obtained confirm the metaphoricity of the novel under study and the necessity to analyze other metaphorical complexes as part of the central novel metaphor as an important category of modern German literature.

The article considers some language features of the translation from Italian made by Savva Ragusinsky in the first quarter of the XVIII century by order of Peter I. The historiographic work under consideration is Mavro Orbini’s book «Il regno degli slavi». The author of the article analyses the use of the construction with the pronoun который and the repetition of the referent, which allows identifying the degree of influence of the original language on the translated text, various transformations within the construction or a gradual departure from it. Savva Raguzinsky, while working on the translation, resorts to using the construction 40 times, not always relying on the original text and often using synonyms, which may indicate its consistent destruction. The paper analyses two manuscripts dating from 1714 and currently stored in the library of the Russian National Library in St. Petersburg, the text published in 1722 «The Book historiography of the Commencement of the Name, Glory and Expansion of the Slavic People ...», as well as the original text in Italian. The relevance of the research topic is due to the significant influence of translations from foreign languages on the formation of a new type of language. It was in the Peter the Great era that texts appeared, the language of which modern researchers call «simple», contrasting with the «high Slavonic dialect». There are practically no Church Slavonic and obsolete forms, words and phrases in it. Until now, a generally accepted view of the linguistic situation of the first quarter of the XVIII century has not been developed, and many printed and handwritten monuments of that time have not become the object of research.

This review is devoted to the monograph «Lexical metonymy in linguistic and cognitive comprehension» by N.A. Ilyukhina, who examines the problems of using metonymic nomination of objects, processes and persons in various denotative and discursive spheres. The relevance of the issues raised in the monograph is determined by the important role of associative thinking in the process of understanding the reality and complexity of mental connections between referents, which become the objects of metonymic nomination. The review describes the issues that have become the focus of the researcher’s attention, in particular, the typologization of lexical metonymy, substantive and verbal metonymy, metonymic transfer of definitions, metonymy in various denotative and discursive spheres. The problem of the research lies in the complexity of the linguistic representation of the cognitive mechanisms of metonymic transfer, in understanding the mental connections between the part and the whole, due to which their names can replace each other in language and speech. During the research N.A. Ilyukhina used an up-to-date method of linguocognitive analysis. As a result of the conducted fundamental research, N.A. Ilyukhina comes to a number of important conclusions. The most significant and interesting conclusions are about the unified cognitive foundations of the main transfers in the system of language and speech; about the connection of the transfer vector with the structural type of a multi-faceted concept, which contains knowledge about the corresponding referent, nominated or defined by the word; about the most significant role of the cognitive metonymic mechanism in speech activity; about the «ubiquity», universality, versatility and expansion of linguistic metonymy due to its cognitive foundations; about the possibility of using metonymy as a basis for other tropes. The monograph is of considerable interest to researchers dealing with the problems of metonymy, cognitive linguistics, semasiology, and semantics of discourse.