Vestnik Samarskogo universiteta. Ekonomika i upravlenie Vestnik of Samara University. Economics and Management

In the context of reduced imports of foreign-made products and restrictive sanctions, the Russian economy has been forced to pursue an active import substitution policy for ten years. The article considers the principles of analytical research of the best practices and techniques of import substitution, which increase the competitiveness of industrial enterprises. Modern economic trends, characterized by rapidly changing conditions of the organization of the production process in a particular branch of the industrial sphere, are directly related to the introduction of new technologies, the development of equipment and components capable of replacing similar imported goods. Therefore, the problem associated with overcoming the crisis of replacing imported goods, services, components for high-tech equipment and software remains. The assessment of the formation of conditions for Russian manufacturers and companies whose activities are directly or indirectly related to the development of the country's industrial cluster is given. Since the share of imported products, on which the well-being and stability of many industries depend, is still quite high despite the import substitution strategy in the Russian Federation until 2030, this dependence is decreasing at a low, albeit steady pace. In this regard, the industries that require increased attention in this matter are analyzed – reducing import dependence in production, which is possible only in conditions of increasing output of import-substituting products that can meet the needs of a particular industrial sector. This applies primarily to industrial production, the work of which requires the use of high-tech equipment, manufacturing industries, as well as the IT sector. However, key industries will be able to develop further only if they increase the volume of high-quality domestic products instead of imported ones. But Russian manufacturers who are ready to enter the market with such products are not always competitive enough, which in the future often creates difficulties for entering the leading positions in the production of import substitution products and, importantly, their retention. This is a reason to reduce production or release products in limited quantities. Therefore, the article contains provisions on the expediency of organizing import-substituting production in accordance with the needs of industrial enterprises in various fields of activity in import-substituting products. Such analytical aspects will make it possible to quickly and effectively identify the structural elements of production that require the launch of the import substitution process in the first place, if the process is economically justified and its launch is expedient in accordance with the strategy of sustainable development of the enterprise.

Innovation activity is a key element of ensuring technological sovereignty and increasing the competitiveness of the national economy. Personnel security is the main factor in the success of innovative growth of economic entities. A scientifically based approach to the comprehensive development of personnel competencies is the key to the sustainable functioning of innovation-active enterprises. The purpose of this study is to substantiate the relevance of the use of mind rebalancing in the personnel development system and to develop a modular structure for its implementation to ensure the efficiency of innovative activities of enterprises and accelerate their innovative development. In the process of achieving this goal, methods of scientific knowledge were used: dialectical, analysis and synthesis. Based on the results of the study, a modular structure of mind rebalancing was developed, in contrast to the existing ones, which helps to stabilize the personnel security of enterprises and creates a platform for the balanced use of intellectual resources in conditions of innovative changes and increased emotional tension. Scientific conclusions and proposals are of high importance for the development of theoretical and methodological provisions of the theory of innovation, management of personnel security and personnel risks in order to ensure the economic and innovative growth of innovatively active enterprises of the Russian Federation. The study is based on modern works of leading domestic and foreign economists. Mind rebalancing creates a platform for the sustainable functioning of domestic innovation-active enterprises in conditions of global economic turbulence. The author has determined the vector of their development to ensure effective implementation of the mission and achievement of strategic goals.

In the modern world, the issue of sustainable development is especially acute. As part of the sustainable development policy, in 2015, the United Nations General Assembly formulated and adopted seventeen main goals for sustainable development. The implementation period according to the final document of the General Assembly is the period from 2015 to 2030. Their main task is to lay the foundation for sustainable development for all at the global level. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are closely linked to economics and face several challenges, such as a lack of global awareness. Problems also include the limited time required to solve them. You can also highlight the problem of complexity and scale. Difficulties in implementing sustainable development goals are also associated with various types of technological transformations. These include transformations such as: quantum, digital and energy. All of them are interconnected and important, but among them we can highlight digital transformations as the most relevant due to the increasing rates of digitalization in all countries. The aim of this particular survey is to conduct an analysis of  the problems faced by sustainable development goals in the current conditions, put forward possible ways to solve them, study technological transformations within the framework of sustainable development and reveal in more detail the meaning of digital transformations, taking into account the increasing relevance of digitalization in the modern world. As well as an analysis of the experience of other countries implementing sustainable development goals most successfully. According to the reason that the sustainable development goals are global in nature, they require an integrated, multilateral approach to their implementation. As well as accurate analysis of indicators over time to track their results. To develop the most effective strategy and program to address the challenges faced in implementing the sustainable development goals, it is necessary to take into account the interrelationships between the areas covered by sustainable development.

The article analyzes modern problems of modifying industrial development at the regional level; modern fundamental concepts of industrial development are explored; the importance of the knowledge economy and the concept of sustainable development for industry is substantiated. It is proved that in modern economic realities the concepts of industrial development are especially important at the micro level. A classification of industrial development concepts at the present stage of functioning of the regional economy is presented, taking into account their contribution. An integrated approach is substantiated when making decisions on modifying the development of the regional economy, which requires taking into account various factors at all levels of management: from the state, where economic, foreign economic, innovation and industrial policies are formed, to the regional, local and corporate levels, where this policy is actually implemented. The key in this context is not only the fact of government intervention itself, but also the methods of this intervention, as well as the use of various tools to achieve structural change. The importance of flexibility in regional policy is emphasized, especially its horizontal orientation, where the emphasis is on how the state enters the process and what tools it uses to achieve its goals. The definition of modification of industrial development is being revised, considering it as a systematic change in the structures, forms and methods of functioning of objects and subjects of the industrial sector, highlighting the main directions of modification at the regional level.

The difficult development conditions in which Russia finds itself require a reformatting of all processes taking place in the country. The most important task in these conditions was to accelerate the innovation process in order to import substitution of high-tech products. At the same time, the process of import substitution requires the formation of new approaches to intellectual property in the context of the country's innovative development.

Intellectual property is considered in terms of economic, legal, organizational and social aspects. The article presents the author's assessment of trends in the development of intellectual property in the context of the domestic innovation economy. An analysis of the dynamics of intellectual property, examined for the period 2018–2022, showed a decrease in inventive activity in general and its share in relation to gross domestic product.

The problem of optimal control in a supply chain that includes a supplier and a retailer is considered. The supply chain is presented as a model of interaction between agents, and is formally organized in the form of a supply contract. Based on the analysis of various types of contracts used in economic practice, the article obtained the following new scientific results. The concept of supply chain coordination has been formed, which defines the step-by-step process of establishing contractual relations between the supplier and the retailer based on the existence of vertical market connections of these agents through their integration and coordination of their interactions. The fundamental properties of the vertical “supplier-retailer” system are identified, which explain the need for a compromise choice of coordinating contract parameters that affect the utility functions of both the supplier and the retailer. Various types of supply contracts are formalized, the models of which are presented in the form of systems of utility functions of the participants in these relations, on the basis of which a set of coordinating parameters is determined. It is shown that the range of values of the coordinating parameters forms a Pareto set. A classification of contract optimization models with a different number and set of coordinating parameters is presented, on the basis of which a hierarchy of complication of optimization models is formed, corresponding to the degree of approximation of the models to the real processes of economic interactions in the «supplier-retailer» system. This lays the methodological basis for creating a generalized model of supply chain management, which makes it possible to develop methods for optimizing management in such chains on a unified formal basis.

The article substantiates the need to search for new approaches to ensuring the efficiency of the system of transport and logistics services for enterprises. Currently, there is a steady trend towards increasing the volume and improving the quality of logistics services. At the same time, the main strategic factors in the development of the logistics system are the achievement of high economic indicators through internal cooperation and cooperation between its individual elements. The current system of transport and logistics services has significant disadvantages associated with the principle of echeloning the storage of inventories, in which enterprises located at a great distance from transport and logistics centers (warehouses) are forced to spend significant time, material and financial resources on delivery. However, by improving the principle of territorial organization of enterprise support based on the allocation of economic regions on the territory of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, a more effective organization and implementation of transport and logistics services for enterprises is possible. Economic zoning as a scientific approach has theoretical and methodological tools for the territorial organization of the economy and justification for the optimal placement of production entities. The allocation of districts is carried out on the basis of territorial, economic, administrative and demographic principles. The approach disclosed within the framework of the work is based on the economic feasibility of using to provide consumers with various sources of resources located in allocated transport and logistics centers (warehouses) within a constituent entity of the Russian Federation and belonging to the governing bodies of different territorial administrative units. The boundaries of economic regions are determined on the basis of the proposed system of indicators, which makes it possible to formulate an algorithm for identifying such areas. The use of this algorithm can help improve the efficiency of transport and logistics services for enterprises within the allocated budgets. Based on the proposed algorithm, a model is being developed for the interaction of governing bodies of administrative-territorial entities to solve problems of resource and transport and logistics services for enterprises. The peculiarity of the interaction model lies in the choice of subject and object for managing the supply system, as well as in the nuances of providing resources to consumers when meeting established standards for cargo delivery.

In its historical development, higher Russian engineering and economic education has gone through a centuries-long path of reformatory changes. It began with the establishment in 1830 of the Moscow Trade School to train skilled masters of factory crafts. Soon, by decision of the reigning government, it turned into the Imperial Technical School, intended to provide students with higher education in mechanical specialties with a duration of study of 5 years. For a long period of time, the Imperial Technical School represented in Russia the world's leading frontier of creative engineering thought by outstanding domestic mechanical engineering scientists. It has always been and still remains the first university-type higher technical educational institution in the country, training engineers and economists of a wide profile based on a combination of theoretical and practical training of students in real scientific and economic activities at existing industrial enterprises. At the Moscow Higher Technical School, under the leadership of D.K. Sovetkin, a new system of professional training for future engineering personnel was first developed and used with wide success in the educational process, which received worldwide recognition as the Russian method of teaching crafts. At that time, it was mandatory for all engineers to master carpentry, blacksmithing, turning, plumbing and modeling, each of which was studied in order of increasing complexity. In subsequent years, the basic scientific principles of the formation of complex theoretical knowledge and practical skills of future engineers of mechanical engineering production were presented in a systematic form in the textbook of the professor of the Moscow Imperial Technical School N. G. Charnovsky “Organization of industrial enterprises for metal processing. Published more than 100 years ago, the textbook, according to the organizers of the modern scientific “Charnov Readings”, is the world’s first textbook on production management. Samara State Technical University was also established, like the Bauman Moscow State Technical University many years earlier, by an imperial law signed by Nicholas II in his own hand with the words “Be according to this” on July 3, 1914. The “Law on the Establishment of a Polytechnic Institute in Samara”, approved by the State Council and the State Duma, determined its location, structure of divisions, general status, staff, sources of funding and start time of educational activities: I. To establish a Polytechnic Institute in the city of Samara consisting of two faculties: commercial-economics, with departments of economics and commercial-technical, and agricultural-economics, with divisions of commercial-economics and agricultural-economics departments into subdepartments by specialty. Classify the said institute as a higher education institution. II. Establish the attached staff of the polytechnic institute and put it into effect from July 1, 1915. The article examines, using the example of the country's well-known Bauman, Samara and other technical universities, the historical experience of the development of engineering and economic education in Russian higher education during the formation of new market relations. The main directions and results of cooperation between the Department of Production Management of SamSTU and the Volzhsky Automobile Plant PJSC AvtoVAZ in carrying out scientific research and improving the training of labor and production organizers are also revealed.

The published article proposes new economic and mathematical models of the dynamics of development of enterprises formed by several different industries. Each individual component of the enterprise is provided with separate resources and carries out its own production. The resources of each component of the enterprise expended in the production process are restored through the introduction of domestic investments. The developed models of multi-component enterprises are presented in the form of systems of coupled differential equations regarding production factors. Stationary solutions of these systems of equations correspond to the equilibrium states of operation of enterprises and represent. To calculate the limiting values of production factors, which are stationary solutions of systems of differential equations, corresponding systems of finite equations are obtained that describe the equilibrium state of enterprise operation. It is shown that the most efficient operation of the heterogeneous enterprises under consideration will be achieved only when the limiting values of production factors coincide with the values of the resources used, which correspond to the maximum profit values of each production component. This coincidence is achieved by a certain set of coefficients for the accumulation rates of domestic investment, for the calculation of which special formulas are obtained in the article. For a two-component manufacturing enterprise, models for calculating output, costs and profits were built for each component and for the entire enterprise. Numerical solutions of the corresponding system of differential equations are presented, on the basis of which integral curves for production factors, outputs and profits are constructed for each component of the enterprise and for the entire enterprise as a whole.

Tools and techniques for studying socio-economic processes that were effective in achieving goals in the past require serious revision and adjustment using modern methods and information technologies. Today, in the process of researching socio-economic processes, the subjectivity of individual authorities without an evidence base prevails. Socio-economic processes are a complex multifunctional mechanism of interaction between many factors of human activity, therefore the human brain is not able to solve many modern problems. Information that circulates in socio-economic processes is characterized by large volumes and high frequency of updates, which requires high speed organization of the procedure for measuring process parameters, system analysis and its storage. Additional tools are required to solve complex socio-economic problems. Therefore, it is necessary to use modern mathematical methods and information technologies for their implementation. When using information to make management decisions, it must have the properties of high reliability, completeness and relevance. The work relates to the field of collecting and processing information intended for analysis, decision-making and process management in socio-economic systems. To collect information and make decisions in socio-economic systems, the method of expert assessment is widely used to build development trends. This method has both advantages (ease of collecting information) and disadvantages (low measurement accuracy). This often leads to incorrect trend construction and, as a result, incorrect decision-making when managing socio-economic processes. To eliminate this shortcoming, the work proposes a way to increase the accuracy of measuring the socio-economic process based on expert assessment. A mathematical model and algorithm for compensating the multiplicative measurement error have been developed. A methodology for collecting information about the socio-economic process based on expert assessment is proposed. A device has been developed that allows processing the received information and increasing the accuracy of the measurement process. Research has been carried out on the operation of a device for increasing the accuracy of expert assessment measurement results using modeling based on the Mathcad computer mathematics system.