Juridicheskiy vestnik Samarskogo universiteta Juridical Journal of Samara University

On December 13, 2023, a scientific and practical round table «Anti-Corruption Readings – 2023» was held at Samara University, related to the pressing problem of our time and dedicated to the International Anti-Corruption Day – December 9. The event was organized by the Law Institute of the Samara National Research University.

Space law is considered by the authors as a complex legal phenomenon by analyzing its basic legal characteristics. The subject of space law is characterized through the spatial limits to which space law extends its regulatory influence. The article notes that the emergence and development of space law is linked to the achievements of scientific and technological progress. In the context of legal futurology, the question of the expediency of regulating relations that may arise in the future by space law is resolved. The conclusion is made about the permissibility of such advanced regulation of relations. The subject of space law is multidimensional and includes a complex of various relations arising, functioning and developing in connection with the exploration and use of outer space and the implementation of space activities. The assertion of the legal identity of space law is based on the allocation of principles, norms, and systems of this branch of law. The authors resolve the issue of whether space law belongs to public or private law. It is shown that many issues of space law lie on the verge of the ratio of public and private, and can be resolved by ensuring a balance of public and private principles in them. The foreign practice of involving celestial bodies in civil circulation is critically evaluated.

Предметом статьи является исследование медийной сферы вооруженных конфликтов, результаты которого способствуют укреплению государства и права. Цель исследования – предложить научному сообществу и широкой общественности методологический подход к исследованию медиасферы в условиях вооруженных конфликтов, основанный на научном анализе опыта информационно-пропагандистских войн современной эпохи. Результаты этого исследования имеют стратегическое значение для отношения и поведения государств  и их институтов в вооруженных конфликтах. Основной целью исследования медиасферы вооруженных конфликтов является генерация новых научных идей и практического социального опыта, необходимого для адекватного противодействия пропагандистской войне, а также для более эффективного стратегического и оперативного управления конфликтом странами, участие в нем путем проведения фундаментальных и прикладных исследований в этой чувствительной сфере. В исследовании использовались практически все основные аналитические и синтетические методы познания, при этом упор делался на анализ, синтез, абстрагирование, классификацию, обобщение и индуктивно-дедуктивный метод. Из корпуса общенаучных методов в исследовании применялись гипотетико-дедуктивные, статистические и сравнительные методы. Из группы методов, применяемых для сбора данных, применялся метод опроса, а также оперативный метод анализа содержания документов с качественными и количественными методами анализа. Результаты анализов вооруженных конфликтов, произошедших в конце XX – начале XXI века, подтвердили исходное гипотетическое предположение о том, что постоянное изучение сообщений в письменных и электронных СМИ до и во время вооруженных конфликтов влияет на окончательное решение и что результаты исследований после окончания вооруженных конфликтов способствуют укреплению государства и права. Основным результатом данного исследования является осознание того, что без исследования медиасферы вооруженных конфликтов невозможно прийти к новым знаниям, аксиомам, постулатам, принципам, законам и теориям, которые в современных условиях технических и технологических достижений опровергают мотивы и цели всех вооруженных конфликтов и доказывают бесперспективность конфликтов между людьми, социальными группами, этническими и религиозными общностями, нациями, суверенными государствами и военно-политическими союзами.

The article examines the problems of doctrinal understanding of the phenomenon of legal formalism in Russian legal science by contrasting it with the concept of normoscepticism, as well as limits of regulatory potential of law enforcement with a formal legal approach in judicial practice. The relevance of this problem is due both to the presence of significant gaps in domestic legal science in terms of studying the phenomenon of legal formalism and its definition, and to the requests of existing judicial practice, in which, as follows from the decisions of higher judicial instances, abuse of the  form of law is often found, in connection with which there are a number of indications of the inadmissibility of a formal dogmatic approach when considering cases. At the same time, disregard for formally established legislative prescriptions is also obviously unacceptable, since it is fraught with extremely negative consequences, up to the manifestation of so called «judicial arbitrariness» when considering individual cases.

The article is devoted to the consideration of the concept of medical secrecy in Russia, its observance as the constitutional rights of citizens to privacy and guarantees of confidentiality of this information. The problems described in the article have become especially relevant in modern society, when all workflow processes become automated, which leads to an even greater likelihood of leakage of patients’ personal data. When studying this topic, the concept of medical secrecy was given, it was revealed what information relates to medical secrecy, as well as cases in which its disclosure is possible. During the consideration of these issues, problems were identified that arise when working with information constituting a medical secret, including negligence of authorized persons, digitalization of document flow in the healthcare sector, insufficient literacy of medical workers when working with information resources, poor awareness of citizens about what information they convey to medical organizations the imperfection of the technical means by which digitalization is carried out, as well as the problem of providing information constituting a medical secret to other persons after the death of a patient. The authors also proposed ways to solve these problems: toughening the punishment for the negligent attitude of workers to medical confidentiality, increasing the digital literacy of medical professionals, amending the legislation in terms of determining the specific goals for providing information constituting medical confidentiality after the death of a patient. In turn, amendments to the legislation will reduce the number of cases of leakage of patients’ personal data.

The work is devoted to determining the methodology for studying the impact of constitutional law norms on economic relations in a modern constitutional state. The main methods of scientific knowledge used to form a reliable idea of the constitutional law regulation of the economy are considered. Russian and foreign doctrinal approaches to the methodology of studying economic relations are analyzed, examples of the application of theoretical concepts in current Russian constitutional norms are demonstrated. The author’s conclusions are formulated, reflecting the features of the methodology for studying the impact of constitutional and legal norms on economic relations in modern economic conditions.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the current civil procedure and criminal procedure legislation through the prism of Resolution No. 43-Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation dated July 20, 2023. Based on the study of the position of the higher courts, a comparison is made of the mechanism for appointing and conducting forensic examinations in the civil and criminal proceedings of Russia. Considerable attention is paid to the new procedure proposed by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation for payment of forensic examinations carried out in courts of general jurisdiction, which is valid until appropriate amendments are made to the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. As a research task, the authors identified an attempt to assess the consequences of using such a mechanism in criminal proceedings. Based on the study of the fundamental principles of criminal proceedings, it has been established that it is impossible to link the issue of assigning a forensic examination to its pre-payment to victims or suspects, accused, defendants. The inadmissibility of such an approach is shown due to the specifics of the criminal process, its publicity and the impossibility of linking the issues of proof in the case to the solvency of the parties. The distribution of costs in criminal cases should be carried out only after the resolution of the case on the merits and the adoption of a final court decision. A different approach to the issue of cost allocation, aimed at ensuring the right of expert institutions to pay, will entail a violation of the principles of criminal procedure.

This article examines controversial transformations of individual provisions of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of the XXI century, affecting its conceptual principles and creating systemic contradictions. One of the fundamental changes concerns the return of «administrative prejudice» to Russian criminal law through the appearance and dissemination in the Special Part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of articles describing the characteristics of crimes with administrative prejudice. Another revision is related to the inclusion in the Special Part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of articles providing for special criminal liability for certain types of aiding and abetting. The third change concerns the exclusion of Part 3 of Article 331 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which contains a provision on liability for crimes against military service under wartime legislation. The meaning, admissibility during the period of validity of the criminal law, as well as the limits and rules of this kind of legislative reforms are determined.

The article researches the criminal procedural status of the suspect. The article provides a comparison of the relevant provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation and the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Federal Republic of Germany. Based on an analysis of the procedural status of a suspect in the Russian Federation and the Federal Republic of Germany, the authors come to the conclusion that a suspect in a domestic process is given status based on the will of the relevant subject, expressed in one of the decisions specified in Art. 46 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation and is essentially not connected with actual suspicion; moreover, in some cases, if there is actual suspicion, it is not always possible to give such a status and, therefore, to explain the rights of such a participant. According to German legislation, there is no formal identification of a suspect, which prevents interference in the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of a suspect by subjects of criminal proceedings. The idea is substantiated that the status of a suspect in domestic criminal proceedings is short-term. Through a systematic analysis of the current Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, the authors came to the conclusion that the maximum period cannot exceed 10 days, followed by filing charges or termination of criminal prosecution. The purpose of the article is to develop proposals for the legislator to improve the procedural status of the suspect, such as legislatively establishing the duty of the law enforcement officer, when deciding to initiate a criminal case or select a preventive measure, to simultaneously explain the rights provided for in Art. 46 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation and interrogation as a suspect within 24 hours from the moment of initiation of a criminal case against a specific person, the selection of one of the preventive measures in accordance with Art. 100 Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation.