Vol 4, No 2 (2024)

Alexander Kluge does not call himself a philosopher, yet his artistic work, filmmaking, and journalism reveal significant ideas related to the philosophy of technology. This paper offers an introduction to the philosophy of Kluge, our contemporary, through the prism of Jürgen Habermas's ideas. They both develop approaches of the Frankfurt School. Habermas develops a critical theory of discourse and communicative reason. Kluge develops a critical theory of feeling and instrumental reason.

The article presents some philosophical ideas of Stanislaw Lem regarding the limits of human nature in the context of scientific and technological progress. The writer's views on the problems of artificial intelligence, machine consciousness, interaction between "our own" and "alien", cyborgization and virtualization of human existence are analyzed. Parallels between Lem's ideas and the concepts of modern philosophers (D. Chalmers, D. Dennett, D. Haraway, N. Bostrom) are identified. The relevance of ethical dilemmas raised in Lem's work is emphasized for comprehending the prospects of human development in the era of development and spread of technology. The significance of Lem's heritage for the development of a new rationality necessary for the preservation of human identity in the conditions of rapid scientific and technological progress is argued.

The article suggests a way of interpreting a literary text in terms of the poetics of the ecstatic, as well as an analysis of ways to describe a character on the edge, formed by such poetics. The artistic space in the novel “The Secret History” can be seen as an experimental field for depicting the dramatic experience of the characters, who consciously decided to ignore the boundaries of conventional morality. The path towards the edge of morality, created by the ecstatic experience, has a correlation with going beyond the geographical borders, the appearance of "holes" in the chronotope, the inaccessible places of sacrament. The narrator’s consciousness, who verbalizes this experience, finds itself on the border of two poles of morality – good and evil. The problem of verbalizing his experience into thinking patterns is solved by the narrator via borrowing means of expression from other characters that also found themselves on the other side of the good (from books by Dante, Dostoevsky). But the anti-moral world is possible only if there is a stable image of what is good, which is realized in the novel form, which gravitates towards the image of the averaged everyday material, balanced structures. An additional confirmation of traditional values are the genres of popular literature – 
the detective story and the academic novel – thanks to which the poetics of the ecstatic is neutralized.

Researchers of I.A. Bunin's life and work are faced with an obvious paradox: the writer, who is in love with Indian culture, has never been to India, but colorful images, religious and philosophical sentiments, anthropological and historiosophical ideas associated with the ancient civilization are reflected in his works. The article examines the peculiarities of the formation of the "Indian code" in Bunin's work, the artistic axiology that determined the conceptualization of literary material. 
Bunin's first impressions of contemplation of the Indian Ocean and Ceylon are biblically, religiously colored: they are combined with impressions of "sacred texts", where the world is value- and hierarchically centered by God in the space of Paradise. It was in this space – in the place of Creation – that Bunin psychomentally found himself, and the "Indian code" is formed in the combination of natural and sacred, personal and sacred, as a special measure that determined the writer's dominant attitude to the world in the categories of "vital kinship" and "universal responsiveness", in the images of "uterine brotherhood", "the cradle of humanity" and spiritual and cultural kinship with the ancestral homeland.
Bunin's "Indian Paradox" reveals the spiritual and cultural potential of the Russian national identity, which makes it possible to significantly correct the Eurocentric model of worldview and world-building and can naturally be in demand with respect to solving anthropological and civilizational problems of modern society. 

The topic of risks is particularly relevant in today's dynamic society, in which processes and phenomena are closely interconnected on a wide scale, and changes in one or other links of the chain of social interactions give rise to numerous subsequent effects. The study of risks is particularly important for social practice due to the need to develop effective strategies for prevention and minimizing negative consequences.
The most generally formulated research task that the present work sets itself is to highlight the main social risks in today's Bulgarian society, to establish how vulnerability to them is assessed, what are the personal strategies for prevention and reaction, what are the expectations towards the state and how people evaluate its relevant actions.
The work presents and analyzes the results of two empirical sociological studies: a nationally representative one of the population over 18 and a study among representatives of small businesses. In the focus of attention are risks to physical security and material well-being. The main lines of analysis are risk perception, assessment, personal reaction strategies, expectations of state actions, evaluation of these actions.
The obtained results are valuable as presenting the picture of the issues of interest to us at a time of increased dynamics and uncertainty, saturated with intense risks of different origin and durability.

The article presents the results of an interdisciplinary study examining the explicit and implicit attitudes of proactivity and proactive behavior of low-income students. The authors highlight the main approaches to the analysis of proactivity and proactive behavior, and substantiate the connection between proactivity and the possibility of forming individual trajectories of action to escape poverty. To study implicit attitudes, a brief implicit association test was used, which is a computer task of classifying stimuli belonging to two categories of proactivity and passivity and two attributes of positive and negative valence. The test used in sociological and psychological research is aimed at measuring the latency of an individual’s reaction, reflects the strength of associations between presented words and indicates the presence of implicit attitudes. The test results confirmed the same level of expression of implicit attitudes among low-income and non-poor students. To study explicit attitudes, an in-depth interview method was used with low-income students. The study showed the formation of positive explicit and implicit attitudes of proactive behavior among Samara University students. In conclusion, it is concluded that low-income students have formed explicit and implicit attitudes of proactive behavior, which can be prerequisites for overcoming poverty and their successful social adaptation.

The article reveals the specificity of Pushkin's artistic analysis of gender relations. “Duty bequeathed from God” – it is these words of Pimen that Pushkin referred to as the mission of the poet in Russian culture. Thus he gave a model for the development of all spiritual culture, including social sciences. The role of Pushkin's tradition in the formation of the science of gender relations is revealed. It is for Pushkin that special attention to the problems of male-female relations is characteristic. In this regard, the interrelation of studies of gender and private life is analyzed. The analysis of Pushkin's tradition of studying gender relations leads the author of the article to the conclusion that in Russian society they exist as a contradictory phenomenon. The development of Pushkin's approach to the analysis of gender by Pushkin himself is examined. The key to revealing the contradictory nature of gender in Pushkin is the human home. Contradictions of gender are demonstrated in the article by analyzing a number of examples from Pushkin's heritage by analyzing the parody of gender. Examples from the works of A. Blok and M. Gorky, who developed Pushkin's tradition. In the view of the totality of the problems considered, the research required a dialectical and interdisciplinary approach.

The introduction of the review characterizes the database on which the study is based and formulates the task that the authors of the monograph put forward. The main part of the review is devoted to characterizing the conclusions that the authors come to when considering the results of digitalization in higher education today. Consideration of university teachers' attitudes towards distance education and hybrid model of learning in a broader context, including socio-economic factors, is positively evaluated. Consideration of the teacher-administration theme in their relationship to distance and to each other is important. Shortcomings regarding the sample are noted, which calls into question some of the findings regarding regional and demographic differences.

The article is devoted to a scientific event – the All-Russian scientific conference “Samara text in Russian literature. At the Origins of the ancestral home”, dedicated to the 140th anniversary of “Samarskaya Gazeta” and the 160th anniversary of E.N. Chirikov. A brief review of the conference results, the main topics and problems touched upon by the participants in their reports is given.