Vol 12, No 4 (2021)

This article describes the development of the Russian Federation in a rapidly gaining pace of the digital transformation race. The article discloses the concept of digitalization and the elements included in it. An analysis of both weak and strong indicators of the country, necessary for the rapid restructuring of the business into a digital environment and the full competitiveness of enterprises, was carried out. For Russia, this is an important strategic task, since it is an opportunity to narrow the gap with the leaders of developed countries and equal them, or even lag behind them. When comparing the received information, factors are identified that inhibit the introduction of digital innovations, possible causes of their occurrence, and ways to eliminate them are proposed. Also, together with the progressive consequences of digitalization, the article deals with possible dangers arising from the transition to another industry. A detailed analysis of such potential threats and the adoption of timely measures will help make the transition more reliable and stable. It is noted that the digital business development strategy does not have one optimal option, it should be considered exclusively as a dynamic system with integrated development. Possible directions for the development of digitalization processes in Russia are given in the work.

The article discusses the main problems of the development of the domestic market for medical equipment and medical devices. The main reasons for the insufficiently high share of the presence of domestic manufacturers and developers are analyzed. The purpose of the study is to identify factors and participants in the ecological environment that affect the development of the Russian market of medical equipment and determine their contribution to ensuring the development of the industry. The research is carried out on the basis of empirical methods based on the study of various sources of information. The theoretical methods used were analysis, synthesis, deduction and induction. The research was carried out using statistical methods. Building a modern and effective eco-environment for innovative technological entrepreneurship is the most important task that needs to be solved for the development of the domestic market for medical equipment. To this end, it is necessary to introduce a number of analysis tools, the use of which will allow, depending on the stage of maturity of the company and the stage of development of a new medical device, to determine how target requests for services, services and opportunities provided by the ecosystem are changing, as well as to obtain information on the status of technology and possible risks for all participants in the process. The authors came to the conclusion that, based on the presence of an extensive network of various members of the innovative ecological environment and the low activity of technological entrepreneurs in the industry, there is no effective management system that ensures the constant application of the competencies of the members of the ecological environment at the necessary time. A management analysis tool was proposed, the use of which allows to provide consistent support for the complete innovation cycle of technology, consisting of the stages of knowledge generation, transformation of knowledge into experimental development and technology commercialization.

The article discusses innovative activities carried out and projected in the socio-economic system of the region. The author discloses the content of the term «region», as well as the features and principles of separation of structural objects of the region. An author's clarification of the definition of the region is proposed. The article analyzes various points of view of the region as a set of subsystems of controls. In the enlarged version, the region is presented as three subsystems: environmental, economic and social. The author examines and analyses the term "regional economy". The possible equality of the concepts of «region» and «subject of the Russian Federation» is being considered. The rationale for the concept of the region as a socio-economic system is given. A model of the socio-economic system of the region is proposed. The mission of the region is justified as a social subsystem aimed at solving social problems and improving the standard of living of the population of the region, which has a decisive impact on development, without the participation of which any transformation of any direction is impossible. A clarification of the interpretation of the concept – socio-economic systems is proposed. In the article, innovative directions for the development of regions as socio-economic systems, emphasizing the intensification of strategic management of human resources (capital) in order to increase the standard of living of its population due to the improvement of the social sphere and, first of all, health care and education. The author proposes specific measures in the territorial labor market to stabilize the tense situation at the expense of the region's own funds.

Today, one of the key conditions for the competitiveness of any state is an active policy in the development of innovative technologies and knowledge-intensive industries. The assessment of the prospects for the development of technological solutions should be carried out taking into account the current state of innovative activity of enterprises based on the analysis of trends in the development of the automotive market. Also, it is necessary to take into account external and internal factors that can influence it.       The relevance of the work also lies in the fact that in the scientific literature there is no single theoretical and methodological approach to the problem of reducing the technological lag of the Russian automotive industry from world positions through innovative technologies in conditions of low resource availability. Experts note that the lag is mainly due to the global shortage of semiconductors, a sharp rise in prices for materials, primarily metal, as well as the moral and physical obsolescence of the technologies used. The situation is also aggravated by the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic and its consequences on related industries, including the automotive components industry. On that basis, in order to maintain competitive positions and increase the efficiency of the domestic automotive industry, it is necessary to study the specifics and problems of development and innovation activity of the industry under study.

The global knowledge-based economy is driven by innovation which is the leading force of competitiveness, growth, and profitability. The rapid changes in the requirements of consumer needs, as well as those in the technological field are drivers for disruptive and incremental innovations, which can be considered as new or improved products, processes, technologies, and managerial decisions (or a combination thereof), that have been introduced on the market or brought into use by the firm. The paper aims to systematize the key elements and factors that influence the competitiveness of innovation-active enterprises. According to international statistical guidelines and recommendations, an innovation-active firm can be defined as a company that is engaged in one or more activities to develop or implement new or improved products or business processes for an intended use. Based on a literature review, the definition of the competitiveness of an innovation-active firm as an economic category is proposed, as well as the main dimensions and prerequisites for effective management of competitive capacity of innovation-active enterprises are highlighted, that should be primarily taken into account from a management decision-making viewpoint to embed the innovation development principles into business practice in order to improve the organizational performance and strengthen the competitiveness of a company in a fast-changing business environment. As a result of the study, through an integrated approach a descriptive overview of the key components of an innovation-active firm’s competitive capacity is presented, namely the innovation, the organizational, the managerial, the information, and the marketing capacity.

The management of innovative business processes of an organization consists in their implementation with the required parameters of quality and efficiency, as well as the development of the necessary level of professional, intellectual and creative competencies required for the implementation of innovative activities in the subjects of management. The management system of innovative business processes in the organization, when interacting with the external environment, performs its functionality through the formation of business processes of support: personnel, organizational, informational, financial, etc. The subjects of innovation management are classified on various grounds, differing in the scope of activities, goals, motivation, interests, the direction of the functioning of the organization and its development, by structure, composition and other types. The main place in the management system is occupied by the provision of innovative activities by highly qualified employees, the development of their creative, professional, and intellectual level. The category of the subject of management of innovative business processes is interpreted in a broad sense, representing their impact on the object of management. This is determined both by the presence of many different types and types of innovations, the presence of various phases in their structure, and by the peculiarities of the activity itself, which has an inter-organizational interdisciplinary character. The interaction of the management system with the internal and external environment of the organization is carried out by creating a management decision support system in the production of innovative activities, in which the implementation of the management functionality of the innovation process takes place. The methodological organization of BPM is aimed at developing the competitiveness of the organization and improving relationships with consumers, suppliers and staff. The main emphasis in the BPM concept is on cross-functional, corporate-wide processes that bring an increase in the value of products (services) to customers (external and internal).     The effectiveness of the management of innovative business processes is represented by indicators of effectiveness of innovative activities. The paper notes that the organization of innovation activity is significantly influenced by the degree of human capital development. The human capital management model of the organization is created on the basis of a systematic approach to business process management, which reflects the relationship between the innovative potential of the organization and human capital, with the development of which the parameters of management efficiency may change. The main factors determining the effectiveness of innovative business entities, first of all, include the characteristics of the person himself, his potential qualities, life beliefs. Analyzing the types of staff life beliefs, it is possible to determine the scope of employees' activities, where they can maximize their opportunities and realize their own potential. The main figures in the innovation business are the entrepreneur and the staff involved in the implementation of innovations. Therefore, in order to understand the category of business process management, it is necessary to understand what a person acting in an innovative business environment is.

In the conditions of dynamic changes in markets, globalization and the increasing struggle for customer loyalty in the implementation of the company's assortment policy, it becomes insufficient to use existing tools within the framework of traditional marketing. The introduction of category management, which combines the tools of both traditional marketing and relationship marketing, becomes necessary and minimally sufficient. The paper identifies and reveals four groups of main factors determining the application of this approach: external limiting, internal limiting, external stimulating and internal stimulating. The conducted research substantiates the need to use new tools in the implementation of the company's assortment policy aimed at meeting the needs of customers, in particular category management.

The article discusses methodological approaches to the implementation of industrial investment projects. To date, the recovery of the economy as a whole is perceived as an increase in gross domestic product (GDP). Industrial projects play a huge role in the country's investment policy. Industrial production is a key link in the economies of countries and is the second largest source of global GDP after the services sector. Modern industry is a key component of the economy of any country, and Russia is no exception. The structure and quality of the products produced by industry plays an important role for the economic climate of the state, thereby determining the economic power and independence of the country. In modern conditions, the problem of the development of domestic industrial production is becoming more and more urgent. The Russian industry needs to modernize and strengthen its positions both in the domestic and foreign markets. However, the problem of the revival and development of industrial production is primarily related to the need to attract large investments in long-term high-risk industrial projects. Large investment projects, such as the construction of highways or industrial facilities, are characterized by a huge period of their implementation and very complex procedures for approving project documentation. Accordingly, such projects are the most risky for banks and private investors. And the higher the risks, the higher the cost of financing. The solution of the above problem requires the creation of mechanisms that facilitate the attraction of investments in large industrial projects. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that today there is a constant development and improvement of the methodology for managing investment and construction projects, but in practice this development does not always lead to an increase in the effectiveness of the projects themselves. In the case of investments in energy, chemical and other industries, as well as in infrastructure development, characterized by huge investments, the choice of the financing method is key to making a decision on the implementation of such a project. It follows from the above that improving the efficiency of implementation and management of industrial investment and construction projects is an important task both for the investment climate of the country and for the development of the industrial sector. The essential result of this research is the formation of methodological approaches to improving the reliability, from the point of view of investors, of large industrial investment projects.

The article justifies that the implementation of relevant reforms in modern Russia should be carried out taking into account world experience, with the interaction of economic and social efficiency. World practice shows a preference for social goals, taking into account the customs and national characteristics of the country. The authors note the basic organizational, economic and social conditions of innovative development of social and economic system of the organization, which should be reflected in the agreed programs of innovative development of human resources management (capital). The article explores the issues of human capital management of the organization as a socio-economic system. The authors substantiated the natural dependence of solving problems in the social sphere on the political and economic state of the country. Sound social policy is important as a catalyst for economic development and the well-being of society. Social expenditure in human resources (capital) is inevitably needed. As a result, they turn to increased productivity and quality of work, and increased consumption of products. The article clarifies the concepts of «economic system», «socio-economic system» and gives a brief description and definitions of the concepts of «system», «structure2. The most important properties of socio-economic systems with the author's addition of separate properties of such systems are given. To systematize a huge variety of systems, its classification is given, supplemented by author's features. The article justifies that the main condition for the existence of any socio-economic system of the organization is the activity of the person himself. The main factor in the successful development of the socio-economic system of the organization is an innovative approach to activity. This approach represents the organization's response, as a socio-economic system, to changes in the internal and external environment taking place in market relations.

The article examines the relationship between country risk and the geographic location of states. Country risk is presented as a resultant indicator calculated on the basis of a number of risk factors: political, economic, credit, currency, etc. Each factor has an estimated value for the state, reflecting the level of a certain risk in the long and short term. The values of risk factors are assessed by experts and calculated by analytical agencies according to individual methods. The relationship between spatial characteristics and the statistic under study is usually investigated using spatial correlation tools. The article offers an alternative to this method. The novelty of the proposed methodology consists in taking into account the distance between states as one of the analysis factors, which allows the most complete consideration of the geographical distance of the analyzed countries. The influence of geographical location on the value of country risk is analyzed in the article using a correlation analysis tool for individual risk factors and for the resulting indicator of country risk. The analysis was carried out for the countries of Eurasia, divided into European and Asian states. The calculations used risk factors and their values used by the analytical agency Credendo. The calculation results showed that there is no relationship between the remoteness of the states of the Eurasian continent from the Russian Federation and the deviation of the values of risk factors from the value of the risk of the Russian Federation. At the same time, data from Asian countries do not allow forming a trend and identifying a pattern, forming a “cloud” on the diagram. European states are grouped in an area of low country risk, but also show no influence of remoteness from the Russian Federation.

The published article proposes a mathematical model of the dynamics of product output by a manufacturing enterprise, whose labor resources are being replaced by digital technologies and robotics. The development of the model is based on the application of a dynamic two-factor production function of the enterprise. The structure of this function includes a variable from zero to one dimensionless logistic function of digitalization and two Cobb-Douglas functions. The first Cobb-Douglas function refers to the period of operation of the enterprise before the start of digitalization, and it uses capital and human labor resources as production factors. The second function of Cobb-Douglas corresponds to the period of operation of the enterprise, in which its digitalization is fully completed and capital is used as production factors, and human labor resources are completely replaced by digital technologies and robotics. Models of the dynamic development of an enterprise, the production of which is restoring its capacity due to the introduction of its own internal investments, are presented in the form of systems of differential equations for production factors. Stationary solutions of these systems of equations correspond to the equilibrium states of the operation of enterprises and represent the limiting values of the factors of production. It is shown that the models of output by an enterprise corresponding to the absence of digital transformation and complete digitalization of production represent the lower and upper boundaries of all possible options for displacing human labor resources.

The article proposes a methodology for forming a minimum portfolio that copies a stock index. The methodology is based on the use of the index for assessing monopoly in the market (Herfindahl index) as an objective function and the formation of a number of restrictions that ensure the profitability and risk of the formed portfolio at the level of the stock index. Due to the stochastic dynamics of securities, the assessment of the degree of similarity in terms of profitability and risk was made using simulation methods under the assumption that the change in the value of each asset satisfies the logarithmic Brownian motion, taking into account the covariance between assets. The method of forming the minimum portfolio copying the stock index turns out to be especially useful due to the periodic revision of the composition of the market index, as it allows to reduce the number of costly operations to reformat the investment portfolio. The minimum portfolio formed on the basis of the proposed methodology – on the one hand, provides practically no less profitability and no greater risk than the index portfolio, on the other hand, it provides a significant reduction in the cost of performing very costly operations associated with reformatting the portfolio.

Assessing the intensity of logistics flows is one of the most important functions of consumption management in socio-economic systems. Today, there is a need for rapid and flexible response of production, trade and transport systems to changing consumer priorities. Logistics takes over the solution of this complex problem. The intensity of the logistics process includes a wide range of issues from resource extraction, resource processing, storage, distribution and delivery of the finished product to the consumer. The paper considers the issues of modeling the intensity of logistics chain flows. A block diagram of the logistics process is constructed. The concept of logistics flow is given and its mathematical model is constructed. The mathematical model of the logistics flow is based on the correspondence of the logistics and electrical circuits. The parameters of the logistics flow model are determined. The relations between the parameters of the electrical and logistics chains are found. Transients in logistics chains are considered. Mathematical models have been developed to study the intensity of logistics flows using the Mathcad program. The analysis is carried out and conclusions are made. The analysis has shown that under any models of the economic system, a halt in development leads to a sharp decrease in the intensity of the logistics flow. In the conditions of a developed system, the market economy has an advantage in the intensity of the logistics flow compared to the planned economy, but the fluctuating process leads to constant economic crises, which disrupts the sustainable development of the system. The planned model is the most resistant to economic crises, this is confirmed by the development of China in the modern conditions of the pandemic.