Vol 7, No 1(23) (2017)

The ongoing research in the field of computer ontologies, ontological engineering, decision-making systems as well as an emerging mutual interest for philosophic, physiological and linguistic aspects of ontology of designing among humanitarian and technical scientific communities have stipulated the need for further distinction of the boundaries of the researched scientific discipline. This paper continues and develops the ideas, presented by the author in the article titled ―Scientific basis of ontology of designing‖, published in the first issue of the journal in 2013. This work attempts to further outline the research area of the journal by elaborating the scientific problematic of the journal, making focuses and placing accents, relevant at the current stage of the discipline’s development, to distinguish the place of the ontology of designing amongst the current well-established but ever-changing differentiation of sciences. The article presents the results of analysis performed on the key concepts of ontology of designing based on the scientometric resources of network origin. It is shown, that the conventional segregation of scientific disciplines was largely determined by their development, accumulated experience, traditions, cultural features of their genesis, linguistic and conceptual content. Ontology of designing is still considered to be an integrative scientific discipline based on methods of system and ontological analysis, information technologies, computer modeling, artificial intelligence, descriptive logic, CAD systems and decision-making support systems, data and knowledge bases.

In this paper, we review most popular approaches to a variety of natural language processing (NLP) tasks, primarily those, which involve machine learning: from classics to state-of-the-art technologies. Most modern approaches can be separated into three rough categories: ones based on distributional hypothesis, those extracting information from graph-like structures (such as ontologies) and the ones that look for lexico-syntactic patterns in text documents. We focus mainly on the former of the three. Before the analysis can even begin, one of the important steps in preparation stage of NLP is the task of representing words and documents as numeric vectors. There exists a variety of approaches from the most simplistic Bag-of-Words to sophisticated machine learning methods, such as word embedding. Today, in the task of information retrieval the best quality for both English and Russian languages is achieved by approaches based on word embedding algorithms, trained on carefully picked text corpora in conjunction with deep syntactic and semantic analysis using various deep neural networks. A big variety of different machine learning algorithms is being applied for NLP tasks such as Part-of-Speech-tagging, text summarization, named entity recognition, document classification, topic and relation extraction and natural language question answering. We also review possibilities of applying these approaches and methods to educational content analysis, and propose the novel approach to utilizing NLP and machine learning capabilities in analyzing and synthesizing educational content in a form of a decision support systems.

The article describes the concept of ontological engineering as one of the methods of knowledge formalization and modeling and possibilities of its use for the purpose of supporting decision-making in the energy sector. The ontological engineering performed for situational management problem, is proposed by the authors to support strategic decisionmaking on energy development, taking into account energy security requirements. The principles of situational management correspond to the general scheme of energy security problems research and strategic decision-making related to the assessment of the energy objects status and fuel and energy complex as a whole, as well as the choice of the main directions of their further functioning and development.The article presents a graphical view of the ontologies that reflect key concepts of situational management, including situational analysis and situational modeling, as well as the option of the situation ontology, considered from the point of view of the energy security problem study. A set of developed and presented ontologies allows to integrate quite different concepts of the studied applied area to the collection that we call ontological space of knowledge for further use in the development of software for research and decision support in the energy sector.

In the article the authors accentuate the scientific community on the processes of strategic management. Responding to his appearance on emerging business issues, strategic management in the West continues the evolutionary development, both in practical and in scientific field. Evidence of this is the search for relevant sense of the object of strategic management. System of strategic management in Russia is evidently in the process of its formation. This, however, leads to the presence of the so-called institutional traps, and therefore to emergence of ontological paradoxes. It is possible to justify the emerging ontological paradoxes - situations in which reality differs from the planned state and the desired effect, despite the fact that all actions taken were aimed at their achievement. In the coordinate system of the «action – inaction», «incentive – disincentive», the authors build the holarchy forms of participation of subjects - from the utilitarian to conduct «institutional traps» (the presence in the system of perverse incentives that block the activity of participants of the system) and «institutional provocations» (the activity of participants aimed at the use of «institutional traps» for the redistribution of resources in order to obtain benefits for themselves or for third parties). The remarkable conclusion made by the authors about the presence of «traps» and «provocations» in the law itself. The article described the «glossary trap», «trap of pessimism», «the provocation of sight», «the provocation of the substitution of strategic objectives», «provocation of inaction». The uniqueness lies in the classification behavior of participants in the system of state strategic planning, which allows to develop countermeasures «traps» and «provocations» that occurs at the stage of rulemaking, and also to neutralize cultural inertia, defined as the effect of the theory of institutional traps.