Physics of Wave Processes and Radio Systems

Background. Plasma density variations caused by infrasonic wave can significantly affect conditions of propagation and reflection of whistler electromagnetic wave incident on the ionosphere from above. Aim. In that work, relationship between the coefficient of wave energy reflection from ionosphere, electromagnetic wave field near the ground surface and parameters of infrasonic wave are studied. Methods. The collocation method for solving the boundary problem for a plane-layered ionosphere and the perturbation theory method are used to find the electromagnetic wave field. Results. The greatest modulation of the reflection coefficient is associated with density perturbations at altitudes 80–110 km where whistler decay increases by an order of magnitude at the local altitude region (less than 15–20 km). In that case, the reflection coefficient variation can achieve 40 %. Conclusion. The results obtained are important for understanding the interconnection of magnetosphere radiation processes of different nature. The study of the modulation of coefficient of whistler reflection from the ionosphere is relevant for explaining the operation modes of a plasma magnetospheric maser.

Background. An approach to the design of photonic crystal (PhC) devices is proposed, which differs from the known general-purpose optimization methods (for example, a genetic algorithm or gradient procedures) by using information about diffraction patterns at different frequencies when optimizing an element designed to operate at the selected wavelength. The following is an approach to the design of photonic crystal elements. The proposed approach differs from known general-purpose optimization methods (e.g., genetic algorithm or gradient procedures) by using diffraction pattern information at different frequencies while optimizing an element designed to operate at the selected wavelength. The design of functional PhC structures with expected characteristics (for example, waveguides) for a certain wavelength (albeit given by a monochromatic radiation source) is described. Aim. Development based on the FDTD method and confirmation of the functionality of the iterative procedure for calculating the characteristics of metal-dielectric PhC lattices. Methods. The study is based on an iterative approach to the design of PhC elements based on the use of the FDTD method. Results. Model examples were used for demonstration of practical convergence and applicability of the developed iterative procedure. The efficiency of the PhC waveguide, understood as the ratio of the output energy to the input energy, was increasing at each iteration up to 97.2%. Conclusion. The method of synthesis of metal-dielectric PhC structures with preset properties based on application of developed iterative procedure is proposed and argued. The results of the analysis of the 2D PhC waveguide based on a set of round copper rods show the applicability of the proposed method.

Background. Presence of possibility of analytical definition of a part of parametres of various radio devices, optimum by criterion of maintenance of preset values of modules and phases of transfer functions on necessary quantity of frequencies, considerably reduces time of numerical optimisation of other part of parametres by criterion of formation demanded frequency response and phase response in a strip of frequencies. Till now such problems dared concerning radio devices only with one cascade of type «a nonlinear part - the coordination the device» or «the coordination the device – a nonlinear part». In quality «the coordination devices were used the jet, resistive, complex or mixed two-port networks. The problem of multicascade radio devices with jet two-port networks is solved also. Change of basis for the coordination two-port networks and a place of inclusion of a nonlinear part leads to change of area of a physical realizability. Aim. Working out of algorithms of parametrical synthesis of radio devices with any quantity of identical and unequal cascades of type «a nonlinear part ‑the coordination the mixed two-port network» by criterion of maintenance of the set frequency characteristics. Nonlinear parts are presented in the form of a nonlinear element and parallel either consecutive on a current or pressure of a feedback. Methods. The theory of two-port networks, matrix algebra, a decomposition method, a method of synthesis of actuation microwave devices, numerical methods of optimisation. Results. In interests of achievement of the specified purpose systems of the algebraic equations are generated and solved. Models of optimum two-port networks in the form of mathematical expressions for definition of interrelations between elements of their classical matrix of transfer and for search of dependences of mixed of two-poles from frequency are received. It is shown, that at certain parities between quantity of cascades and values of resistance of a source of a signal and loading of the one-cascade radio device frequency characteristics of one-cascade and multicascade radio devices appear identical or similar. Such schemes are named by equivalent. Conclusion. The comparative analysis of theoretical results (frequency response and phase response radio devices, value of parametres), received by mathematical modelling in system MathCad, and the experimental results received by схемотехнического of modelling in systems OrCad and MicroCap, shows their satisfactory coincidence. 

Background. The need to create, space communication stations based on mobile carriers, for example, on ships, requires the use of multi-band reflector antennas irradiating systems that ensure the combination of not only channels for receiving and transmitting high-frequency signals, but also direction-finding channels for constructing a monopulse tracking system. Aim. Study of the possibility of creating an irradiation system that ensures the combination of reception and transmission of signals in the multi-band reflector antenna in spaced ranges with frequency bands C(Rx) – 21 %, C(Tx) – 16 % and K(Rx) – 21 %, with the implementation of a monopulse angular automatic tracking system in both receiving ranges. Methods. Development of a three-band irradiation system that ensures the implementation of automatic tracking in both receiving ranges. Analysis of the characteristics of a three-band irradiation system that ensures the implementation of reception and automatic tracking in both receiving ranges. Results. Development of a three-band irradiation system that ensures the implementation of automatic tracking in both receiving ranges. Analysis of the characteristics of a three-band irradiation system that ensures the implementation of reception and automatic tracking in both receiving ranges. Conclusion. The irradiation system of the multi-band reflector antenna for mirrors with profiled surfaces is proposed, with the implementation of combined signal reception in the C(Rx) and K(Rx) frequency ranges with a 21 % band and signal transmission in the C(Tx) frequency range with a 16% band, and the formation of partial RPs in both receiving ranges for the implementation of a monopulse angular tracking system. The following characteristics of the irradiation system are implemented: cross-polarization isolation of more than 30 dB, the formation of identical partial RPs and a stable tracking mode based on signals from onboard repeaters in communication systems with frequency reuse.

Background. The work is aimed at developing and researching rigorous methods for calculating thin-wire structures with a complex generatrix shape, having small wave sizes, as well as studying the physical processes occurring in them. A special case of such structures is a sinusoidal antenna operating in a standing current wave mode. Aim. In progress the solution of internal and external problems of electrodynamics is carried out for a sinusoidal antenna of small wave sizes located above an infinitely extended ideal reflector. The currents on the elements of the structure are calculated, its input resistance and radiation characteristics are determined. Methods. The research is based on a strict electrodynamic approach, within the framework of which, for the specified structure in the thin-wire approximation, an integral representation of the electromagnetic field is formed, which, when considered on the surface of conductors together with boundary conditions, is reduced to a system of Fredholm integral equations of the second kind, written relative to unknown current distributions on conductors (internal task). Results. A mathematical model of the radiating structure is proposed, determined: the input resistance of the structure and the basic characteristics of its radiation. It is shown that the operating range of a sinusoidal antenna in the standing wave mode is determined by the quality factor of the input impedance resonances; An increase in the width of the sinusoidal conductor leads to a decrease in the resonant frequencies of the input resistance with a simultaneous increase in the quality factor of the resonances. Conclusion. From a practical point of view, the use of the considered structure allows significantly reduce the dimensions in comparison with a thin electric vibrator, however in this case, the operating range will be correspondingly narrowed, which is determined, due to the weak dependence of the radiation characteristics on frequency, by the quality factor of the resonances. The current distribution on the generatrix of the structure can be considered as a «projection» standing surface wave localized in the plane of a sinusoidal conductor, and resulting from the superposition of forward and backward surface (slow) waves propagating at a speed significantly lower than the speed of light. To further clarify the physics of the processes occurring in the structure, one should use spectral analysis of current functions and study the distributions of the electromagnetic field in the near zone of the structure.

Background. It is shown that it is necessary to study the effect of atmospheric turbulence on the spectral characteristics of a radio signal. Aim. The influence of atmospheric turbulence on the spectral fluctuations of the radio signal intensity and on the displacement of the spectral components of the radio signal has been studied. Methods. The research was carried out on the basis of an analysis of the relationship between two-wave and single-wave correlation ratios. Based on the solution of the differential equation for fluctuations of the eikonal amplitude of an electromagnetic wave and the use of the derived trigonometric ratio, a connection between the two-wave Fourier=spectrum and single-wave spectra is obtained. In this case, a single source of turbulence effects on the radio signal was used at the coordinate point of the radio wave propagation by introducing a new variable equal to the average value of the coordinates of the turbulence effect. To find the resulting double integral, one of the coordinates of the turbulent action is transformed into an angular variable. Results. The dependence of the relative dimensionless mean of square of the integral intensity of the radio signal fluctuations on the wave number of turbulent pulsations of the atmosphere at various displacements of the spectral wavelengths of the radio signal is found. Conclusion. It is shown that turbulence slightly distorts the spectral information essence of a propagating radio signal in various wavelength ranges.