Vol 13, No 3 (2023)

The concept of a set is one of the key concepts in mathematics and not only. To further the discussion, assessments of the significance of sets in designing, generated by large language models, are given as a kind of generalized take on the importance of this concept. An analysis of the concepts of a set and a class in mathematics and engineering is provided. The multiplicity of their interpretations and the difference in various fields of application directly related to the concept of “element of the set”, are shown. In designing, the concept of a set is considered in various aspects and is filled with different content. First of all, it is a set of needs that continuously arise, and the design activity, accompanied by a multitude of design subjects participating in it, is aimed at satisfying them. It is also a set of precedents (already created artifacts), which are analogues and prototypes for the designer, but for one reason or another do not satisfy the emerging needs of the subjects.  There are sets of: design parameters and design variables of the object being developed; criteria for evaluating a new artifact; background assumptions, data and conditions, including limitations; models describing the designed object; decision-making methods and, finally, a variety of design decisions. An objectively existing set of values of initial data and evaluation criteria in designing can be and is considered as an uncertainty (uncertain set), and as a given that must be revealed, narrowing the range of solutions and lowering the power of sets. In designing practice (removal of uncertainty, degeneration of the multiplicity of possible values of design parameters, etc.) one always strives for a singleton (a set with a single element), i.e. to the design solution that will be embodied in a design, technology or system.

Information support for instructional design based on personalized automation is considered. Instructional design in a technical educational institution involves the development of engineering documentation, which includes, along with technical solutions, a significant amount of formal information provided for by standards and methodological requirements. Automated generation of personalized templates (blanks) of engineering documents makes it possible to reduce the labor intensity of routine stages of the instructional design process for students and teachers. The article discusses the conceptual scheme of this process, including the corresponding system of concepts and relationships connecting them taking into account the multivariance of design tasks and the multi-stage nature of design process. During personalization, the data of participants in the process, a version of the technical specifications, and related events are entered into the template. For multi-stage projects, templates are also personalized, considering technical decisions made at previous design stages. The implementation of the proposed concept of the instructional design process based on a situation-oriented approach is considered. The practical use of the results in the course design of database models involves the generation of personalized graphic documents in open formats of the Visio editor. The proposed personalization is focused on graphic documents in the form of diagrams and can be applied to drawings as well as text documents.

The design of the onboard cable network components of an aircraft that meet the requirements of regulatory and technical documentation is considered. The stages of the life cycle of the aircraft are noted, at which the analysis and evaluation of the technical solutions adopted at the design stage of the aircraft, aimed at adaptability to the installation and dismantling of products and components of the aircraft, take place. The scope of the design documentation required for the manufacture of onboard cable network components is determined. The peculiarity of the design stages and the inconsistency of the requirements of the regulatory and technical documentation used in designing onboard cable network components of the aircraft are indicated. A set of requirements for manufacturability, efficiency, reliability and electromagnetic compatibility of onboard cable network components is formalized. The criteria for the harness manufacturability are determined. A method is proposed for synthesizing the image of the onboard cable network components using a graph which vertices are supplemented with attributes that characterize the features of a wired connection to the elements of onboard systems. An algorithm of the designer's actions is developed when determining the need to introduce a connector into an electrical circuit, taking into account the requirements of the electromagnetic compatibility of wires. Recommendations for designers of aircraft onboard cable network components are formulated.

The work deals with the search for a special type of regularities in data, called frequent patterns. A frequent pattern is understood as a certain set of attributes that characterizes a sufficiently large number of objects of the training sample. There are many methods for pattern discovery, but they usually do not allow flexible consideration of necessary requirements for their type. Taking into account the new conditions that the desired patterns must meet leads in practice to a time-consuming modification of used algorithms and a decrease in computing performance. This article proposes a new approach based on the constraint programming paradigm, which is free from the listed disadvantages. The approach is based on the original way of presenting the training sample using specialized table constraints – compressed  D-type tables, on the author's method of backtracking, as well as on specialized reduction rules for table constraints. Particular attention is paid to solving the closed patterns discovery problem, which is included as part of the solution of all machine learning problems considered in the work, which means taking into account additional requirements for the type of patterns. As additional requirements to the type of pattern, constraints on the frequency of occurrence of a closed pattern, as well as conditions for the occurrence of some element (attribute) into the pattern, are considered. To the basic rules for the reduction of compressed D-type tables, rules are added that take into account the interesting attributes of the analyzed patterns. The advantage of the approach is that the taking into account and analyzing new constraints makes it possible to speed up the calculation process.

The article attempts to analyze new trends in work with gifted youth as a new form of systemic, organizational and scientifically oriented independent activity of a motivated schoolchild or student. This activity, firstly, is aimed at satisfying the cognitive, intellectual, as well as other needs of the student and the effective development of their creative potential; secondly, it is associated with the consistent solution of research problems with not foreknown results, increasing novelty, relevance and complexity; thirdly, it is supported by a specially organized unified developing scientific and educational environment within the framework of its educational organization, region, industry, country; and finally, it involves a scientifically based unified assessment of both the developing effect and the scientific significance of the current results of this activity . The article discusses the basic concepts characterizing this activity and illustrating their examples and mathematical models. These include the author's structuring of the functions and levels of research activity, a multifaceted system of criteria for evaluating the scientific and developmental results of research work performed by young researchers, a functional profile, a functional rating and a professional functional rating of a young researcher, calculated based on the assessment results of their research work. For the first time, a mathematical model for the formation of acceptable options for research activities is proposed, which allows forming the optimal developing methodological structure of planned research. One of the unique points of the proposed approach is the widespread use of ordinal rating scales with the transformation of the results of their application into quantitative estimates based on the method of confident judgments of decision makers. The introduced concepts are formed into a graphical scheme of the ontology of guided development of scientific abilities of young people.

Earth remote sensing (ERS) is one of the main sources of information about the earth's surface. With the development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), it became possible to take aerial photographs with high spatial resolution, which can be used to more accurately identify objects. The purpose of the study is to increase the reliability of aerial imagery interpretation by developing a methodology for automated image processing based on conceptual modeling. An analysis of the methods for thematic interpretation of images showed that none of them provides sufficient quality of segmentation without additional adjustment to the subject area. The technique of conceptual modeling of subject tasks is applied, which ensures the adequacy of syntactic representations (including various images) and makes it possible to control the logic of solving problems and reduce the number of errors at the stage of its software implementation. The description of the information system for thematic interpretation of images, which implements the developed methodology, is given. An assessment was made of the reliability of thematic interpretation of images of forest areas. It is shown that the developed technique allowed to improve the identification of forest objects on aerial photographs by 18.6%. The development of this technique can be carried out to determine the characteristics of identifiable trees: age, species, height, and wood stock.