Vol 13, No 1 (2023)

The work relates to the field of knowledge representation and algorithmization of their processing. To describe the subject of consideration by a set of statements and their processing, logical means of the first order type are used. Unlike the well-known achievements in the field of automatic proof (AP) in formal axiomatic theories, the automatic text synthesis of statements is complicated by the poor formalizability of the value of knowledge concept contained in the text. Based on the development of the calculus of positively-formed standardized formulas (pfs-formulas) the possibilities of analysis automation of the description of the subject matter and interactive generation of meaningful statements to improve this description are investigated. The proposed method of interactive knowledge generation integrates the capabilities of AP with algorithmized human-machine synthesis of new knowledge texts. AP in the calculus of pfs-formulas helps a person not only in the analysis of properties, but also in the choice of the required properties of the description of the subject matter. When the absence of a property desirable for a person in the analyzed knowledge is revealed by means of AP, the hypotheses is formed that logically guarantees the presence of the required property. Variants of hypotheses are automatically synthesized in a preliminary form, which are then refined interactively to improve the content of the generated text of new knowledge. The rules of synthesis are justified. Their application continues the inference in situations of inapplicability of the basic rule of inference in the calculus of pfs-formulas. The extension of calculus by the rules of synthesis transforms it as a first-order calculus of the deductive type into a means of deductive-abductive inference, which differs from the known works using abduction by the absence of a number of restrictions. Illustrative examples demonstrate the representation, analysis and generation of knowledge. These examples also show in interactive knowledge processing the importance of visualization of the processed text, provided by the large-block structure of pfs-formulas constructed from typical quantifiers. In conclusion, the results of the paper and possible directions for the development of the results are formulated.

The article deals with the problem of building Digital Twins and Smart Digital Twins for control and management in power systems. The energy system is understood as a set of energy resources of all types, methods for their production (extraction), transformation, distribution and use, as well as technical means and organizational complexes that ensure the supply of consumers with all types of energy. Integrated intelligent energy systems are analyzed as one of the important trends in the Russian energy sector, and the main directions of digitization of the energy sector are considered. The concept of "digital twins" in technical fields is considered as one of the main digitalization trends, an ontological approach to building digital twins and semantic models for building smart digital twins are proposed. It is proposed to use a fractal approach when performing ontological engineering, which makes it possible to formalize the concepts of the subject area and allows you to build different-scale ontologies using metalevels of ontologies. Formalized models of digital twins and smart digital twins are presented. The developed approaches are illustrated by the example of construction of digital twins of a solar power plant and smart digital twins of a fuel and energy complex. The approach described in the article makes it possible to integrate different levels of digital and smart digital twins into a single digital solution when modeling energy facilities and power systems.

With the development of information technology, the role of support systems for the technical products design process has increased significantly. The capabilities of knowledge management systems make it possible to ensure the commonality of terminology, object definitions and relations between them. In addition, the use of formal semantics is necessary to support the reuse of knowledge. The article discusses ways to improve the efficiency of the small spacecraft design process and a creation of tools for the knowledge exchange about the functional characteristics of typical subsystems of such vehicles. The creation of an information system to support the preliminary design of small spacecraft, which contains information linked to the relationship between the functions and components of subsystems and their characteristics, is considered. The created system facilitates the synthesis of various product configurations. When developing the information system, modern approaches in the field of structural and functional classifications of small spacecraft systems and approaches existing in the field of taxonomy to create database structures were used. The information system database contains a set of characteristics for a wide range of small spacecraft equipment. As an example of the use of an information system to support the design of small spacecraft, the process of choosing the characteristics of a power supply system for a promising small spacecraft designed to provide communication between mobile ground terminals is considered..

Knowledge modeling, closely related to ontologies, is an important semantic technology and research area. The article deals with the e-learning course content model concept. The content model is based on structuring the content into separate fragments, called learning elements. These learning elements integrate into a tree directed graph. The content model is defined as a combination of such a graph and a table of attributes of educational elements with requirements for didactic indicators of their study. The rules for building models of the electronic educational content are formulated. The mathematical properties of these models are discussed and their integral characteristics are introduced. The proposed approach to content modeling is in line with the SCORM specifications for international e-learning, complements them with targets, didactic design algorithms and analysis of educational materials. Formation algorithms and methods of presenting the content model make it possible to automate the process of its construction and didactic analysis in the form of a visual interactive dialogue between developers of electronic educational resources in instrumental author's environments.

The problem of assessing trust in the information extracted from textual sources to populate ontologies or knowledge graphs is considered. For a unit of information or a fact, the minimum knowledge about an instance of the subject area, expressed by a single RDF triplet, is taken. The paper provides a description of a probabilistic trust evaluation model based on Markov random processes. When assessing, the model is built on the basis of available information about sources, taking into account previously extracted data. A method for assessing the credibility of information with parallel weighting of sources is also provided. The proposed approach is in demand when the quality of the data sources is unknown or unavailable. As part of testing the model, sets of numerical data of various sizes were automatically generated, experiments were carried out to weigh the sources and assess trust in the information extracted from them. It was shown that in most cases the weights of the sources calculated on the basis of the proposed model are the greater, the smaller the average deviation of the information they provide from the true one, and the confidence in facts increases with decreasing distance to the true data. Comparison with data aggregation models is made. In most cases, the aggregation based on the trust score showed the smallest average deviation from the true data among the considered models. The obtained results show that the proposed model is effective in comparison with other similar models and can be used in problems of assessing trust in facts represented by real numbers.

Functional safety is a latent characteristic of hardware and software complexes (HSC) and is objectively characterized by consumer satisfaction with the HSC behavior. The paper considers an approach to solving project management problems based on the dynamic characteristics analysis of functional safety of conflict situations in the project management system. To analyze situations that arise when managing HSC projects, it is possible to use models known as system archetypes. The information essence of situations and the foundations of multi-aspect modeling are considered. The methodological basis of the research is a combination of dynamic models of parameters that characterize functional safety and structural models, corresponding to conflict situations that arise when ensuring the required level of functional safety. Examples of multi-aspect modeling of situations where manifestations of latent defects act as events are considered. As a result of the research, the information essences of situations are determined, the conceptual foundations of multi-aspect modeling of situations that arise when managing the HSC functional safety are proposed, and the basic stages of building a system of structural and dynamic models of situations at different stages of the HSC life cycle are identified. The results obtained can be used to make decisions about the advisability of making changes to the system structure for ensuring the functional safety of hardware and software complexes..

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