NAMESTNIK GOVERNMENT AND ITS ALTERNATIVES: PROBLEMS OF EFFICIENCIES OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN RUSSIAN STATE AT THE END OF THE XV – XVI CENTURIES

In the article evolution and overall effectiveness of local management in the Russian state at the end of the XV–XVI centuries is considered. Problems of interchangeability and complementarity of different forms of public administration, gubnoe and territorial self-government are put. In the article it is shown, that the natural decline of namestnik management begins with the middle of the 16th century as the transitional and limited form not capable in the conditions of centralization of the state properly to perform the administrative and judicial functions. On the basis of consideration of standard and law-enforcement acts two trends are revealed: 1) during gubnoe both territorial reforms considerable and various powers allocate local governments; 2) in the process of development of a mandative system in the center, conditions for bureaucratization of management and on places are gradually created. From 50–80-ies of the 16th century together with registration of a mandative system and inclusion in the structure of state of foreign territories voivodship management on places arises. Initially as extraordinary management in the suburban cities and in again developed territories, the voivodship system as it appeared, had bigger in comparison with namestnk growth potential.