Juridicheskiy vestnik Samarskogo universiteta Juridical Journal of Samara UniversityJuridicheskiy vestnik Samarskogo universiteta Juridical Journal of Samara University2542-047X2782-2990Samara National Research University1019810.18287/2542-047X-2021-7-4-60-70Research ArticleSocial and legal grounds for the recognition of lawful harm caused under circumstances excluding the criminality of the actMikhailovV. I.vim2007@yandex.ruInstitute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of Russian Federation7460700604202206042022Copyright © 2022, Mikhailov V.I.2022<p style="text-align: justify;">For 25 years of operation of the Criminal Code of Russian Federation, the doctrine has not formed an understanding shared by most researchers of such a basic category of the institution of circumstances excluding the criminality of an act as the basis for recognizing harm as permissible in the relevant circumstances, and it has not been determined which of the properties of the crime specified in Article 14 of this Code is absent in the acts that caused harm in circumstances excluding the criminality of the act. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to determine the social grounds for causing harm in which society considers permissible, as well as the legal basis the absence of a crime property in the act that caused harm in a legally established situation. The article proves that the general social basis for the permissibility of causing harm in the reflection of a socially dangerous encroachment, the elimination of other threats is the necessity, the extreme use of a harmful method, the impossibility of resolving social conflicts and contradictions without causing harm. It is emphasized that causing harm when repelling an encroachment in situations of necessary defense, eliminating danger in extreme necessity, etc. it cannot be evaluated as socially useful. It is proved that for each of the circumstances specified in the norms of Chapter 8 of the Criminal Code of Russian Federation, there is a social basis (reason), by virtue of which society allows harm to be inflicted. For example, the social basis of the permissibility of causing harm in defense (defense) is rooted in the natural right of a person to defend himself and the objective impossibility of the state to fully ensure the safety of any person; the social permissibility of causing harm when detaining a person who has committed a crime is determined by the need to implement the principle of the inevitability of responsibility for the crime committed. From the legal point of view, the author of the article concludes that the norms on the circumstances excluding the criminality of the act contain exceptions to the general prohibitions established in the norms of the Special Part of the criminal law. The legislator did not endow with the property of illegality a consciously committed act that causes harm under any of the circumstances excluding the criminality of the act, even when it is socially dangerous.</p>circumstances precluding criminality of the actlegitimate harm in criminal lawcrimenecessary defensecausing harm during the detention of a person who committed a crimeextreme necessityreasonable riskexecution of an order or orderconcept of crimeprohibitions and permits in criminal lawpublic dangerобстоятельства, исключающие преступность деянияправомерный вред в уголовном правепреступлениенеобходимая оборонапричинение вреда при задержании лица, совершившего преступлениекрайняя необходимостьобоснованный рискисполнение приказа или распоряженияпонятие преступлениязапреты и дозволения в уголовном законеобщественная опасность[Kirichenko V. F. Osnovnye voprosy ucheniya o neobkhodimoi oborone v sovetskom ugolovnom prave [The main questions of the doctrine of necessary defense in Soviet criminal law]. Moscow, Leningrad: izd-vo AN SSSR , 1948, 107 p. [in Russian].][Tsereteli T. V. Prichinnaya svyaz' v ugolovnom prave [Causal relationship in the criminal law]. Tbilisi: Gosyurizdat, 1963, 382 p. Available at: https://www.ex-jure.ru/freelaw/news.php?newsid=1147 [in Russian].][Atabayeva T. S. Neobkhodimaya oborona: teoriya, zakonodatel'stvo, praktika primeneniya: avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk [Necessary defense: theory, legislation, practice of application: author's abstract of Candidate's of Legal Sciences thesis]. Tomsk, 2004. 23 p. Available at: https://www.dissercat.com/content/neobkhodimaya-oborona-teoriya-zakonodatelstvo-praktika-primeneniya/read [in Russian].][Kommentarii k Ugolovnomu kodeksu Rossiiskoi Federatsii / pod red. S. V. D'yakova i N. G. Kadnikova [Dyakov S. V., Kadnikov N. G. (Eds.) Commentary on the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation]. Moscow: ID «Yurisprudentsiya», 2017, 1072 p. Available at: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=26013882 [in Russian].][Razgildiev B. Obshchestvenno-poleznye deyaniya, predusmotrennye UK [Socially useful acts provided for by the Criminal Code]. Zakonnost', 1993, no. 12, pp. 18–21 [in Russian].][Tasakov S. V. Nravstvennye osnovy ugolovno-pravovykh norm ob obstoyatel'stvakh, isklyuchayushchikh prestupnost' deyaniya [Moral bases of criminal law on circumstances excluding criminality of an act]. Cheboksary: Izd-vo Chuvashskogo un-ta, 2007, 156 p. Available at: https://knigogid.ru/books/1188003-nravstvennye-osnovy-norm-ugolovnogo-prava-o-prestupleniyah-protiv-lichnosti/toread [in Russian].][Milyukov S. F., Nikulenko A. V. Prichinenie vreda pri zaderzhanii litsa, sovershivshego obshchestvenno opasnoe deyanie [Causing harm during the detention of a person who has committed a socially dangerous act]. St. Petersburg: Izd-vo «Yuridicheskii tsentr», 2020, 768 p. Available at: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=24207880 [in Russian].][Zhalinsky A. E. Ugolovnoe pravo v ozhidanii peremen: teoretiko-instrumental'nyi analiz [Criminal law in anticipation of change: theoretical and instrumental analysis]. Moscow: Prospekt, 2009, 400 p. Available at: https://dl.booksee.org/genesis/710000/44dd55ac418bcb82de8b9aac213e4eb7/_as/[ZHalinsky_A.YE.]_Ugolovnoe_pravo_v_ozhidanii_pere(BookSee.org).pdf [in Russian].][Konventsiya o zashchite prav cheloveka i osnovnykh svobod (Rim, 1950) [Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (Rome, 1950). Retrieved from legal reference system «ConsultantPlus». Available at: http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?doc_itself=&collection=1&nd=203000250&page=1&rdk=0&link_id=56#I0 [in Russian].][Konstitutsiya Azerbaidzhanskoi Respubliki [Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan]. Available at: https://static.president.az/upload/Files/2019/12/04/67ono052vl_konstutisya_rus_update.pdf [in Russian].][Koni A. F. O prave neobkhodimoi oborony [On the right of necessary defense]. Moscow: Izd-vo Moskovskie universitetskie izvestiya, 1866, 104 p. Available at: https://bookree.org/reader?file=1478348 [in Russian].][Voldimarova N. G. Ugolovnaya otvetstvennost' za ubiistvo pri prevyshenii predelov neobkhodimoi oborony: dis. … kand. yurid. nauk [Criminal liability for murder when exceeding the limits of the necessary defense: Candidate's of Legal Sciences thesis]. Moscow, 2003, 220 p. Available at: https://www.dissercat.com/content/ugolovnaya-otvetstvennost-za-ubiistvo-pri-prevyshenii-predelov-neobkhodimoi-oborony [in Russian].][Kodeks povedeniya dolzhnostnykh lits po podderzhaniyu pravoporyadka [Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials]. Retrieved from legal reference system «ConsultantPlus». Available at: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/901739106 [in Russian].][Itogovyi dokument Venskoi vstrechi 1986 g. predstavitelei gosudarstv-uchastnikov Soveshchaniya po bezopasnosti i sotrudnichestvu v Evrope, sostoyavsheisya na osnove polozhenii Zaklyuchitel'nogo akta, otnosyashchikhsya k dal'neishim shagam posle Soveshchaniya [Final document of the 1986 Vienna Meeting of Representatives of States Parties to the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, held on the basis of the provisions of the Final Act relating to further steps after the Meeting]. Retrieved from legal reference system «ConsultantPlus». Available at: https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/9/1/40885.pdf [in Russian].][Karpets I. I. Ugolovnoe pravo i etika [Criminal law and ethics]. Moscow: Yurid. lit., 1985, 256 p. [in Russian].][Mikhailov V. I. Soglasie litsa, kak obstoyatel'stvo, isklyuchayushchee prestupnost' deyaniya [Consent of a person as a circumstance excluding the criminality of acts]. Zakonodatel'stvo, 2002, no. 2, pp. 67–72 [in Russian].][Pustoroslev P. P. Russkoe ugolovnoe pravo: Obshchaya chast'. Vyp. 1. Lektsii [Russian criminal law: General part. Issue 1. Lectures]. Yuriyev: Tip. K. Mattisena, 1907, 546 p. Available at: https://fictionbook.ru/author/p_p_pustoroslev/russkoe_ugolovnoe_pravo_obshaya_chast_viypusk_1/ [in Russian].][Kurs sovetskogo ugolovnogo prava: v 6 t. T. 2 [Course in Soviet criminal law: in 6 vols. Vol. 2]. Moscow: Nauka, 1970, 516 p. [in Russian].][Ugolovnyi zakon. Opyt teoreticheskogo modelirovaniya [Criminal law. Theoretical modeling experience]. Moscow: Nauka, 1987, 278 p. Available at: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=28852321 [in Russian].][Kelina S. G. Obstoyatel'stva, isklyuchayushchie prestupnost' deyaniya: ponyatie i vidy [Circumstances excluding the criminality of acts: concept and types]. Ugolovnoe pravo [Ugolovnoye Pravo Journal], 1999, no. 3, pp. 3–8 [in Russian].][Nikulenko A. V. Obstoyatel'stva, isklyuchayushchie prestupnost' deyaniya: kontseptual'nye osnovy ugolovnopravovoi reglamentatsii: dis. … d-ra yurid. nauk [Circumstances precluding criminality of an act: conceptual bases of criminal law regulation: Doctoral of Legal Sciences thesis]. Saint Petersburg: Sankt-Peterburgskii universitet MVD Rossii, 2019, 512 p. Available at: https://univermvd.ru/files/other-files/Никуленко_А.В._ДИ.pdf; https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=42888638 [in Russian].][Kaufman M. A. Nekotorye voprosy primeneniya norm Obshchei chasti UK [Some issues of application of the norms of the General Part of the Criminal Code]. Gosudarstvo i pravo [State and Law], 2000, no. 5, pp. 56–60 [in Russian].][Kozlov A. P. Ponyatie prestupleniya [The concept of crime]. Saint Petersburg: Yuridicheskii tsentr Press, 2004, 819 p. Available at: https://fictionbook.ru/author/a_p_kozlov/ponyatie_prestupleniya/read_online.html [in Russian].][Krylenko N. V. Sud i pravo v SSSR. Chast' 3. Osnovy ugolovnogo material'nogo prava [Court and law in the USSR . Part 3. Fundamentals of material criminal law]. Moscow, Leningrad: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo, 1930, 264 p. Available at: http://elib.shpl.ru/ru/nodes/54135 [in Russian].][Piontkovsky A. A. Sovetskoe ugolovnoe pravo: v 2 t. T. 1 [Soviet criminal law: in 2 vols. Vol. 1]. Moscow, Leningrad: Gosyurizdat, 1929, 312 p. [in Russian].][Gertsenzon A. A. Ugolovnoe pravo. Obshchaya chast' [Criminal law. Common part]. Moscow: RI O VYuA, 1948, 496 p. Available at: https://vk.com/wall22311731_4714 [in Russian].][Baulin Yu. V. Obstoyatel'stva, isklyuchayushchie prestupnost' deyaniya [Circumstances that exclude the criminality of acts]. Kharkiv: Osnova, 1991, 360 p. [in Russian].][Klenova T. V. Obshchestvennaya opasnost' – istinnoe svoistvo prestupleniya [Public danger – the inherent property of a crime]. Biblioteka kriminalista. Nauchnyi zhurnal, 2013, no. 2 (7), pp. 136–144. Available at: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=18912667 [in Russian].][Kurs ugolovnogo prava: v 5 t. T. 1 [Course in criminal law: in 5 vols. Vol. 1]. Moscow: IKD «Zertsalo-M», 2002, 624 p. Available at: https://libren.org/d/jur/jur244.htm [in Russian].][Solodkov I. A. Obshchestvennaya opasnost' prestupleniya i ee ugolovno-pravovoe izmerenie: avtoref. dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk [Public danger of crime and its criminal legal dimension: author's abstract of Candidate's of Legal Sciences thesis]. Saratov: Sarat. gos. yurid. akad., 2013, 24 p. Available at: https://www.dissercat.com/content/obshchestvennaya-opasnost-prestupleniya-i-ee-ugolovno-pravovoe-izmerenie/read [in Russian].][Mikhailov V. I. Vred i ego regulirovanie v ugolovnom zakone [The harm and its regulation in criminal law]. Gosudarstvo i pravo [State and Law], 2007, no. 2, pp. 61–67. Available at: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=9449864 [in Russian].][Ugolovnyi kodeks Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Obshchaya chast'). Proekt, podgotovlennyi spetsialistami Ministerstva yustitsii Rossiiskoi Federatsii i Gosudarstvenno-pravovogo upravleniya Prezidenta Rossiiskoi Federatsii [Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (General part). Draft prepared by the specialists of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation and the State Legal Administration of the President of the Russian Federation]. Moscow, 1994, 57 p. [in Russian].][Kuznetsova N. F. Priznaki (svoistva) prestupleniya [Signs (properties) of the crime]. In: Entsiklopediya ugolovnogo prava. T. 4 [Encyclopedia of criminal law. Vol. 4]. Saint Petersburg: Izd. prof. Malinina, 2005, 796 p. Available at: https://knigogid.ru/books/1865113-enciklopediya-ugolovnogo-prava-tom-4-sostav-prestupleniya/toread [in Russian].][Blinnikov V. A. Obstoyatel'stva, isklyuchayushchie prestupnost' deyaniya, v ugolovnom prave Rossii [Circumstances that exclude the criminality of acts in the criminal law of Russia]. Moscow: Yurlitinform, 2014, 216 p. [in Russian].][Durmanov N. D. Ponyatie prestupleniya [The concept of crime]. Moscow, Leningrad: Izd-vo AN SSSR , 1948, 315 p. Available at: http://www.adhdportal.com/book_1602.html [in Russian].]